The transition of land use function and its effects on ecosystem services is a key issue in eco-environmental protection and is the basis of territorial space governance and optimization. Previous studies have typically selected land use types to evaluate ecosystem service value (ESV) and have overlooked comprehensive characteristics of ecosystem services and the mutual feedback relationship between human social systems and the ecosystem. Taking the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Hubei section (TGRA-HS) as a case study, we used a transition matrix, the revised ESV method, and an ecological contribution rate model to explore land use function transition (LUFT) and its effects on the change in ESV based on the production–living–ecological space (PLES) classification system. The results show that: (1) The transition of land use function based on PLES was the mapping of the evolution of the human–nature relationship in the spatial pattern, which reflected the evolution of the spatial pattern caused by human interference with the continuous development of society; (2) The evolution of PLES showed the characteristics of a reduction in production space (P-space), and an expansion in living space (L-space) and ecological space (E-space). The distribution pattern of PLES from 1990 to 2020 was basically the same, and the characteristics of structural transform reflected the characteristics of project construction in different phases; (3) The E-space contributed the most to the total ESV, and it has risen by CNY 13.06 × 10⁸. The transition of land use function caused by human construction projects impacts the spatiotemporal change in the regional ESV; (4) The change in ESV induced by LUFT revealed the whole dynamic process of the positive and negative effects of human construction projects on ecosystem services, and the two effects offset each other to keep the ESV relatively stable. The transition of E-space to P-space had the greatest impact on the reduction in ESV, whose contribution rate was 82.76%. The dynamic changes in land use function and ESV corresponding to the different stages of the Three Gorges Project’s (TGP) construction reveals the important driving effect of human activities on ecosystem services. It reminds us that humans should not forget to protect the eco-environment when obtaining services from the ecosystem.

Urban ecological resilience plays an important role in enhancing the ability of urban areas to cope with environmental change and promote sustainable development. On the basis of the panel data of 277 prefecture-level cities in China from 2009 to 2023, a comprehensive evaluation index system of the development level of urban ecological resilience is constructed in this paper. This index system uses three dimensions: resistance, resilience, and adaptability. The criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) weighting method is employed to measure the development level of urban ecological resilience in China, and the Gini coefficient two-dimensional decomposition method is used to analyse the spatial gap and source structure of the development level of urban ecological resilience in China. The study finds that: (1) The overall gap in the development level of urban ecological resilience in China is generally decreasing, with resistance making the greatest contribution to this decrease. (2) The disparity in the development level of urban ecological resilience across China generally tends to decrease; with the exception of the northeastern region, the development level gap of ecological resilience in the eastern, central and western regions has narrowed. (3) From a regional perspective, the interregional gap is the main source of the overall gap. In terms of indicator composition, the resistance gap is the primary contributor to the overall disparity. Considering both regional and indicator compositions, the main source of the overall gap has shifted from the resistance gap between the eastern and western regions to the adaptability gap between the central and western regions.