Melanoma, a highly aggressive form of skin cancer, poses a major therapeutic challenge due to its metastatic potential, resistance to conventional therapies, and the complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Materials science and nanotechnology advances have led to using nanocarriers such as liposomes, dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, and metallic nanoparticles as transformative solutions for precision melanoma therapy. This review summarizes findings from Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Google Scholar and highlights the role of nanotechnology in overcoming melanoma treatment barriers. Nanoparticles facilitate passive and active targeting through mechanisms such as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and functionalization with tumor-specific ligands, thereby improving the accuracy of drug delivery and reducing systemic toxicity. Stimuli-responsive systems and multi-stage targeting further improve therapeutic precision and overcome challenges such as poor tumor penetration and drug resistance. Emerging therapeutic platforms combine diagnostic imaging with therapeutic delivery, paving the way for personalized medicine. However, there are still issues with scalability, biocompatibility, and regulatory compliance. This comprehensive review highlights the potential of integrating nanotechnology with advances in genetics and proteomics, scalable, and patient-specific therapies. These interdisciplinary innovations promise to redefine the treatment of melanoma and provide safer, more effective, and more accessible treatments. Continued research is essential to bridge the gap between evidence-based scientific advances and clinical applications.

Objectives: To analyze the prevalence of DM focusing on demographic trends, gender disparities, and age distribution. Additionally, it evaluates diabetes control rates. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study examined DM trends (2021–2023). It included patients with type 1 or type 2 DM from various healthcare settings. Results: The number overall number of diabetes cases has grown from 41,876 in 2021 to 46,889 in 2023, reflecting an annual rise of 5.7% (2022) and 6% (2023). The majority of cases (85.1%) were observed in individuals aged 40 and above, having the greatest prevalence in the 50–59 age group (25.3%). A significant gender disparity was found, with 54.4% of cases occurring in males and 45.6% in females (χ²=355.539, degrees of freedom=1, p<0.001), indicating a statistically significant association between gender and diabetes prevalence. The proportion of controlled diabetes cases fluctuated, accounting for 44.1% in 2021, 42% in 2022, and 44% in 2023. Conclusion: The findings indicate a steady increase in DM prevalence in Jazan, with significant age and gender disparities. The study underscores the need for early screening programs, targeted lifestyle interventions, and improved diabetes management strategies to address the growing burden of the disease.

Four chromogenic media were compared for their ability to detect urinary tract pathogens in 299 urine specimens, of which 175 were found positive, allowing the growth of 279 microorganisms. After 18 to 24 h of incubation, the CPS ID4, CPSE, CPSO (bioMérieux), and UriSelect4 (Bio-Rad) media showed sensitivities of 97.1%, 99.3%, 99.6%, and 99.6%, respectively.