Procrastination behaviour occurs when the person is obligated to do an activity, even they are not motivated to carry out the activity within the expected time frame. Literature studies define four types of procrastination: academic, decisional, life routines, and neurotic. This study focuses on academic procrastination in higher education. Academic procrastination is mainly related to delaying academic tasks such as handing in assignments and term papers or preparing for the exams at the last moment. This study compares Turkish and international students' academic and general procrastination profiles using latent profile analysis. For this purpose, latent profiles were estimated to reveal how students from different cultures are grouped according to academic and general procrastination behaviour. A total of 691 undergraduate students, 52.4% (361) Turkish and 47.6% (330) of international students registered for an academic program in higher education participated in the study. Results indicated that while Turkish students for three latent profiles defined as Tending to enjoyable Works, Neither Lessons nor Other Works and Ambition for Academic Success. On the other hand, International students only fit two latent profiles, which are defined as Academic Procrastination Tending to Enjoyable Works and Prioritizing Academic Tasks.

The main aim of the study is to investigate how the opportunity to learn, school climate, and school resources, when they are considered as variables together, affect the Math achievement of resilient Turkish students by using a Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM). Recent studies state that resilient students are achieving higher than their peers who have low socio-economic status. Therefore, it is important to find out the variables which affect the achievement of students who have a low socio-economic status. In the study, the main characteristics of resilient students are revealed through a literature review in this field; and a model is formed through the factors which affect achievement levels generally at both school and student levels. The study group includes 317 students who are defined as resilient in the PISA 2012 Turkish sample. According to the results of the study, at student level, the variables of Experience with Applied Mathematical Tasks and Mathematics Teaching; and at school level, the variables of Quality of School Educational Resources and Student-related Factors Affecting School Climate are found to be effective in the mean math achievement of resilient students. When the models are examined, in the one including both school and student level variables together, it is determined that the variables of Experience with Applied Mathematical Tasks, Quality of School Educational Resources and Student-related Factors Affecting School Climate explain 44% of the variability between schools. Besides, it can be seen in the study that the variables at student level have partially meaningful effects.