Air pollution is an important public health issue. High levels of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere are hazardous to human health. Studies regarding the concentration of this and other gases in the atmosphere allow political actions to manage and reduce the emission of pollutants. In this context, this paper studied the annual, seasonal, weekly and daily variations of carbon monoxide (CO) concentration for the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP). We studied three sites in the MRSP, two of them are located in areas under the influence of heavy vehicle traffic (Osasco and Congonhas) and the third one in a city park (Ibirapuera Park). The results showed high influence of gasoline vehicles on CO emission. In the annual scale, CO concentration decreased due to improvements in emission technology, despite the increasing number of vehicles. CO emission showed a seasonal, weekly and diurnal cycle associated to meteorological conditions and emission patterns. The highest values of mean concentration were observed in June/July for Osasco (2.20 ppm), Congonhas (2.04 ppm) and Ibirapuera (1.04 ppm), during the morning, due to weak dispersion of the polluting gases and higher emission from the rush hours.

The scope of this work was to evaluate simulated carbon monoxide (CO) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the CAM-chem model against observed satellite data and additionally explore the empirical relationship of CO, AOD and fire radiative power (FRP). The simulated seasonal global concentrations of CO and AOD were compared, respectively, with the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) and the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite products for the period 2010–2014. The CAM-chem simulations were performed with two configurations: (A) tropospheric-only; and (B) tropospheric with stratospheric chemistry. Our results show that the spatial and seasonal distributions of CO and AOD were reasonably reproduced in both model configurations, except over central China, central Africa and equatorial regions of the Atlantic and Western Pacific, where CO was overestimated by 10–50 ppb. In configuration B, the positive CO bias was significantly reduced due to the inclusion of dry deposition, which was not present in the model configuration A. There was greater CO loss due to the chemical reactions, and shorter lifetime of the species with stratospheric chemistry. In summary, the model has difficulty in capturing the exact location of the maxima of the seasonal AOD distributions in both configurations. The AOD was overestimated by 0.1 to 0.25 over desert regions of Africa, the Middle East and Asia in both configurations, but the positive bias was even higher in the version with added stratospheric chemistry. By contrast, the AOD was underestimated over regions associated with anthropogenic activity, such as eastern China and northern India. Concerning the correlations between CO, AOD and FRP, high CO is found during March–April–May (MAM) in the Northern Hemisphere, mainly in China. In the Southern Hemisphere, high CO, AOD, and FRP values were found during August–September–October (ASO) due to fires, mostly in South America and South Africa. In South America, high AOD levels were observed over subtropical Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia. Sparsely urbanized regions showed higher correlations between CO and FRP (0.7–0.9), particularly in tropical areas, such as the western Amazon region. There was a high correlation between CO and aerosols from biomass burning at the transition between the forest and savanna environments over eastern and central Africa. It was also possible to observe the transport of these pollutants from the African continent to the Brazilian coast. High correlations between CO and AOD were found over southeastern Asian countries, and correlations between FRP and AOD (0.5–0.8) were found over higher latitude regions such as Canada and Siberia as well as in tropical areas. Higher correlations between CO and FRP are observed in Savanna and Tropical forests (South America, Central America, Africa, Australia, and Southeast Asia) than FRP x AOD. In contrast, boreal forests in Russia, particularly in Siberia, show a higher FRP x AOD correlation than FRP x CO. In tropical forests, CO production is likely favored over aerosol, while in temperate forests, aerosol production is more than CO compared to tropical forests. On the east coast of the United States, the eastern border of the USA with Canada, eastern China, on the border between China, Russia, and Mongolia, and the border between North India and China, there is a high correlation of CO x AOD and a low correlation between FRP with both CO and AOD. Therefore, such emissions in these regions are not generated by forest fires but by industries and vehicular emissions since these are densely populated regions.

Anais do I Congresso Brasileiro Interdisciplinar em Ciência e Tecnologia (978-65-88243-19-0) - Construção De Impelidores Por Manufatura Aditiva: Uma Metodologia Para Pesquisa Em Operações Unitárias E Desenvolvimento De Recursos Didáticos

O gás monóxido de carbono (CO) é considerado um dos piores poluentes atmosféricos devido aos danos que causa à saúde humana e ambiental. Diversos estudos sobre o comportamento deste gás na atmosfera foram realizados em grandes cidades e relacionados à emissão veicular e queima de biomassa. No estado de São Paulo, muitas indústrias estão concentradas no interior do estado e emitem grande quantidade de poluentes atmosféricos. Este estudo visou o estudo da variabilidade do gás CO nas cidades de Campinas e Paulínia, região de Campinas – SP, e no centro da cidade de São Paulo, para identificar as principais fontes de CO nesta região. Foram utilizados dados disponíveis na plataforma Qualar da CETESB entre os anos de 2000 e 2017. O estudo da série temporal do CO nos três locais mostrou diminuição da concentração de CO na atmosfera. A comparação com outras variáveis como umidade relativa da atmosfera, direção do vento, materiais inaláveis e fumaça, mostrou que a emissão de CO está intimamente relacionada à emissão veicular e pouco relacionada às indústrias da região. Foram identificadas interferências das condições climáticas na concentração de CO na atmosfera.

O crescimento urbano acelerado e a consequente expansão da frota veicular têm exacerbado a poluição atmosférica em grandes cidades, tornando-se um problema de importância socioeconômica, ambiental e de saúde pública. O monitoramento da qualidade do ar desempenha um papel crucial nas políticas de controle ambiental, permitindo avaliar os níveis de poluentes e desenvolver tecnologias sustentáveis. Um estudo na Região Metropolitana do Vale do Paraíba, São Paulo, entre 2018 e 2022, analisou as variações anuais, sazonais e mensais de poluentes como CO, NO, NO2, O3, MP2.5 e MP10 em quatro estações, Guaratinguetá (1), Taubaté (1) e São José dos Campos (2), de monitoramento da qualidade do ar a partir do sistema QUALAR da CETESB. Para elaboração dos gráficos de médias anuais, mensais e médias horárias por estação do ano (sazonal), foram utilizadas as médias dos dados horários de cada estação de monitoramento durante o período de cinco anos. O tratamento dos dados dos poluentes do sistema Qualar da CETESB foi realizado usando a linguagem Python e os gráficos foram feitos usando a linguagem R. Houve aumento na concentração de NO em 2021 e 2022, enquanto o NO2 manteve praticamente os mesmos valores. São José dos Campos registrou as maiores concentrações de NO, NO2 e MP10. No outono e inverno, todos os poluentes, exceto O3, atingiram picos de concentração, devido às condições atmosféricas. Em geral, os poluentes ficaram dentro dos limites do CONAMA, mas NOx, MP2.5 e MP10 ultrapassaram os padrões da OMS, indicando desafios contínuos na gestão da qualidade do ar e a necessidade de medidas adicionais para proteger a saúde pública e o meio ambiente.

Pantanal fires have a significant impact on the environment. Anthropogenic emissions of residual gases have changed the tropospheric composition in this region due to burning. This study aims to analyze the spatial patterns of atmospheric pollutants (including carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and aerosol optical depth, along with fire outbreaks across the Pantanal biome from 2016 to 2021. The data collected is based on remote sensing data. The fire outbreaks peaked pollutant concentrations reached their highest between June to November, particularly during the drier months of August to October. This increase was even greater during the last three years (2019-2021), especially in 2020, when the average CO, NO₂, SO₂, BC, and OC concentrations increased by 29%, 31%, 50%, 52%, and 50%, respectively. The rainfall values do not justify the increase in the number of fire outbreaks between 2019 and 2021, indicating that the rise is likely due to increased burning. In 2021, the average monthly rainfall was 48% greater than that in 2016-2020 but it had the highest FRP value and the second highest fire outbreak number and pollutant concentration. The 2020 year experienced a record number of fire outbreaks and the highest levels of pollutants in the atmosphere in the region for this period.