This article presents information on energy carriers from renewable sources and their share in the energy balance of the European Union Member States. The subject is extremely dynamic, and this field is still developing. The European Union is constantly implementing new programs to help Europe go green. Based on the analysis of statistical data, the scale and manner of using energy from renewable sources in each of the EU Member States have been presented and compared. The article also presents indicators of the share of total and sectoral energy from renewable sources in gross final energy consumption, monitoring the implementation of EU commitments.

Renewable energy sources serve as an alternative to conventional energy sources, with the main advantages being their inexhaustible nature and the absence of or significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. On the other hand, the development of energy production utilising renewable sources remains controversial, primarily because of the high initial costs of RES investment projects and the carbon footprint during the production phase of RES facilities. However, these appear to be gradually offset by the many benefits that outweigh the initial RES facility maintenance costs. Unsurprisingly, European Union (EU) countries are at the forefront of the transition to a low-emission economy. This is evidenced by such things as the 22% decrease in greenhouse gas emissions in the Member States, achieved despite a 58% increase in gross domestic product (GDP) between 1990 and 2017. Nonetheless, the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, water, etc., is much more expensive than burning fossil fuels. It must be stressed that the European Union’s success in this regard is influenced by the actions taken by all Member States to implement the European Green Deal and their individual targets. Furthermore, the transition to a zero-emission economy is also the result of the informed participation and involvement of all European Community residents. Therefore, there exists a need for education on renewable energy sources to facilitate the transition to a zero-emission economy in European Union countries. This education should primarily target young people, whose critical choices will shape this area in the future. It is the knowledge and awareness of young people that will largely determine whether it will be possible to limit greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. This article aimed to determine how Polish and foreign students view the transition to a zero-emission economy. The article places a special emphasis on renewable energy sources as a key factor in shaping national security in terms of sustainable ecology and friendly social development. The aim of the study was achieved through a research process using theoretical and empirical research methods. To that end, the subject literature and current legislation on renewable energy sources were analysed. Moreover, a survey was conducted among Polish and foreign students living in Poland. The analysis of the research results made it possible to formulate recommendations on how to shape national security in terms of sustainable ecology and friendly social development.

This article describes how the emergency notification system operates in Poland and presents the scale and use of the emergency number by the public based on an analysis of statistical data. The data collected was compared with data from other European Union countries. An outline of the steps taken by member states to reduce the number of calls blocking the emergency line is also presented

DEFINICJA POJĘCIA: Rola granicy odnosi się do wyznaczenia obszaru państwa, w obrębie którego sprawuje ono swoją zwierzchność oraz zachowuje suwerenność. Ochrona granicy państwowej jest elementem bezpieczeństwa państwa i jest zadaniem wielopłaszczyznowym, polegającym na organizacji przedsięwzięć administracyjno‑politycznych, w tym militarnych, które państwo podejmuje w celu zachowania swojej suwerenności. ANALIZA HISTORYCZNA POJĘCIA: Podstawowym elementem każdego państwa jest jego terytorium. Jest ono przestrzenią, w obrębie której ludność egzystuje i może się rozwijać. Na przestrzeni wieków wzrost liczby państw spowodował zwiększenie liczby granic pomiędzy nimi. Konsekwencją tych zmian była konieczność określenia zarówno nowej struktury, jak i funkcji granic. UJĘCIE PROBLEMOWE POJĘCIA: Artykuł podejmuje następujące problemy: wskazuje na typologie granic. Wyjaśnia, czym jest system ochrony granic oraz system zarządzania granicą zewnętrzną Unii Europejskiej, a także przedstawia znaczenie migracji we współczesnym świecie. REFLEKSJA SYSTEMATYCZNA Z WNIOSKAMI I REKOMENDACJAMI: Jednym z działań podejmowanych przez państwo w celu zagwarantowania najwyższych wartości jest sprawnie funkcjonujący system ochrony granicy państwowej, potrafiący dopasować się oraz sprostać zmiennemu środowisku bezpieczeństwa oraz pojawiającym się zagrożeniom. Przeprowadzona analiza pojęcia ochrony granicy państwowej potwierdza, jak złożony jest to proces. Współczesne granice funkcjonują w inny sposób i w innym zakresie niż w niedalekiej przeszłości, a ich obecna percepcja odnosi się do zmian w kontekście poczucia obywatelstwa, tożsamości narodowej oraz zachowania suwerenności.

The article is the analysis of the organization of the emergency notification system in Poland in the context of changes that have occurred in it since the beginning of its operation. First, the structure of emergency notification centres and the role of the operator of emergency numbers are described. Next, the changes introduced by the amendment to the legal acts relating to the emergency notification system were assessed. The scope of changes and their impact on the process of receiving emergency notifications in emergency notification centres are presented.