With the continuous expansion of industrial enterprises, a large amount of high-salt wastewater with complex components is produced. Direct discharge will cause great harm to the ecosystem and waste a large amount of potential salt resources. This paper summarizes the source, water quality characteristics, and environmental impact of high-salinity wastewater, and introduces the desalination and treatment technologies of high-salinity wastewater. The desalination technology of high-salinity wastewater mainly includes two processes: concentration and crystallization, obtaining concentrated solution through membrane concentration or thermal concentration and then carrying out crystallization treatment on the concentrated solution, thereby realizing the recovery of salt. The advanced treatment technologies of high-salinity wastewater were analyzed, including physicochemical treatment, biological treatment, and coupling treatment. Catalytic ozonation is one of the most widely used physicochemical technologies for the advanced treatment of high-salinity wastewater. Biological treatment processes operating in the presence of halotolerant bacteria show excellent performance at high salinity. High salinity has a negative impact on the performance of various physicochemical processes and biological treatment technologies. However, high salinity has little effect on the performance of a coupled system designed to treat high-salinity wastewater. In this review, the effect of salinity on the scaling and corrosion of equipment is also illustrated. It is suggested that the research direction of high-salinity wastewater should be to develop new membrane materials and catalysts, develop salt-tolerant microorganisms, explore high-efficiency and energy-saving physico–chemical–biochemical combination processes, improve the treatment efficiency of high-salinity organic wastewater, and reduce treatment costs.