The global emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) needs no emphasis. In this study, the in vitro stability, safety, and antimicrobial efficacy of nanosilver-entrapped cinnamaldehyde (AgC) against multi-drug-resistant (MDR) strains of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) were investigated. Further, the in vivo antibacterial efficacy of AgC against MDR-EAEC was also assessed in Galleria mellonella larval model. In brief, UV-Vis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed effective entrapment of cinnamaldehyde with nanosilver, and the loading efficiency was estimated to be 29.50 ± 0.56%. The AgC was of crystalline form as determined by the X-ray diffractogram with a mono-dispersed spherical morphology of 9.243 ± 1.83 nm in electron microscopy. AgC exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.008–0.016 mg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.008–0.032 mg/mL against MDR- EAEC strains. Furthermore, AgC was stable (high-end temperatures, proteases, cationic salts, pH, and host sera) and tested safe for sheep erythrocytes as well as secondary cell lines (RAW 264.7 and HEp-2) with no negative effects on the commensal gut lactobacilli. in vitro, time-kill assays revealed that MBC levels of AgC could eliminate MDR-EAEC infection in 120 min. In G. mellonella larvae, AgC (MBC values) increased survival, decreased MDR-EAEC counts (p < 0.001), had an enhanced immunomodulatory effect, and was tested safe to the host. These findings infer that entrapment enhanced the efficacy of cinnamaldehyde and AgNPs, overcoming their limitations when used individually, indicating AgC as a promising alternative antimicrobial candidate. However, further investigation in appropriate animal models is required to declare its application against MDR pathogens.

The escalating global demand for poultry products has led to a commensurate increase in poultry waste, posing significant environmental and economic challenges. Conventional waste management strategies, including rendering, composting, landfilling, incineration, and biogas, often suffer from limitations such as high operational costs, greenhouse gas emissions, and incomplete resource recovery, thereby failing to offer truly sustainable solutions. This review critically examines the potential of Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens ) larvae (BSFL) as an innovative and eco-friendly approach to poultry waste management, aligning with circular economy principles. We delve into the biological characteristics and bioconversion capabilities of BSFL, highlighting their efficiency in transforming diverse poultry wastes, including hatchery by-products, abattoir waste, and on-farm residues, into valuable biomass rich in protein and lipids, and a nutrient-dense frass/powder suitable for use as an organic fertilizer. This manuscript elucidates the mechanisms of BSFL-mediated waste degradation, nutrient upcycling, and pathogen reduction, underscoring significant reductions in waste volume (up to 50%), nitrogen (30%–50%), and phosphorus (61%–70%), alongside minimal greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional methods. Emerging nanobiotechnological applications further enable the derivation of high-value nanomaterials, such as chitin nanocrystals and nanocomposites, from BSFL by-products for uses in medicine, agriculture, and advanced materials. The use of nanobiotechnology in the BSF technique can replace the conventional method of waste management with the high throughput novel techniques, Furthermore, this review explores optimization of BSFL rearing systems, economic viability, and the multifaceted environmental benefits, such as odor mitigation and enhanced biosecurity. By converting a problematic waste stream into valuable resources, BSFL technology not only addresses critical waste management issues but also contributes to sustainable animal feed production and agricultural practices. This comprehensive analysis underscores the transformative potential of BSFL bioconversion as a cornerstone for sustainable poultry waste valorization, paving the way for a more circular and resilient agri-food system.