Over the last 71 years, the air temperature in Poland has increased on average by 0.28 °C per decade—which gives a total change in this period exceeding 2 °C. The subject of this study was an analysis of the long-term variability of the Polish climate in terms of thermal characteristics. The aim of the research was to verify the hypothesis on the lack of homogeneity of this change and to identify points of significant acceleration of the observed tendencies. The analysis utilized the average monthly air temperature at selected synoptic stations in Poland over the period 1951–2021. The values were then processed into a reference series using Alexandersson’s method, which provided synthetic information on the variability in thermal conditions in the country. The analyses were carried out on an annual and seasonal basis. The values of the trend coefficients (and their statistical significance) were also calculated in shorter periods (minimum 30 years), which enabled determination of the stability of the observed changes’ tendencies. In addition to the analysis of the basic characteristics, non-parametric tests (Wilcoxon, Kruskal–Wallis) were used to verify shifts between decades. The annual and seasonal analyses showed the existence of sub-periods with different directions and scales of the observed tendencies. Additionally, statistically significant changes in decadal characteristics were noted, e.g., in the decades 2001–2010 and 2011–2020 in the case of annual temperature, and 1961–1970 and 1971–1980 in the case of the winter season.

The main aim of the research was to determine the transport and the deposition velocity of 7Be and 210Pb based on a vast database including the results of 7Be and 210Pb measurements in aerosol and fallout samples carried out at several stations located throughout Poland in the period from 1998 to 2016. The concentrations of 7Be and 210Pb in the precipitation showed an unequivocal downward trend with the seasonal changes with the maximum values ​​in the summer period. The same relationships occurred in the case of the deposition rate, the average values ​​of which were 0.7 cm s-1 in the case of 7Be and 0.5 cm s-1 in the case of 210Pb. A strong, statistically significant dependence of the deposition rate on the amount of dust was demonstrated, whereby a 10µg m-3 decrease in dust increases the 7Be deposition rate by 0.1 cm s-1. The reduction of the carrier particles concentrations reduces the share of dry deposition in favour of the increase in the precipitation convection share, which is much more significant for the transport of both isotopes to the surface. Research on the dependence on meteorological parameters has shown that the concentrations of 7Be in fallout and aerosol samples and 210Pb in fallout increase with increasing temperature, indicating a significant share of convection processes in isotope transport. The concentrations of 210Pb in aerosols did not show any significant statistical changes in time. Their maximum values ​​were in the winter period, indicating an additional source of this isotope related to combustion processes in the heating season. The studies confirmed the dominant role of convective precipitation and large-scale precipitation processes in the elution of 7Be from the atmosphere by showing a strong dependence of this isotope concentration in the total precipitation on the total precipitation (r = 0.618).