The heat dissipation capability of the battery thermal management system (BTMS) is a prerequisite for the safe and normal work of the battery. Currently, many researchers have designed and studied the structure of BTMS to better control the battery temperature in a specific range and to obtain better temperature uniformity. This allows the battery to work safely and efficiently while extending its life. As a result, BTMS has been a hot topic of research. This work investigates the impact of pin-fins on the heat dissipation capability of the BTMS using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach, designs several BTMS schemes with different pin-fin structures, simulates all schemes for fluid-structure interaction, and examines the impact of different distribution, number, and shape of pin-fins on heat dissipation capability and pressure drop. Analyzing the effect of cooling plates with different pin-fins on the thermal capability of the BTMS can provide a basis for the structural design of this BTMS with pin-fin cooling plates. The findings demonstrate that the distribution and quantity of pin-fin shapes might affect heat dissipation. The square-section pin-fins offer better heat dissipation than other pin-fin shapes. As the pin-fins number increases, the maximum battery temperature decreases, but the pressure drop increases. It has been observed that uniform pin-fin distribution has a superior heat dissipation effect than other pin-fin distribution schemes. In summary, the cooling plate with a uniform distribution of 3 × 6 square section pin-fins has better heat dissipation capability and less power consumption, with a maximum battery temperature of 306.19 K, an average temperature of 304.20 K, a temperature difference of 5.18 K, and a pressure drop of 99.29 Pa.

Long-term manufacturing would bring performance degradation of key equipment in automated production lines (APLs), leading to operating unbalance and inefficiency. The existing maintenance strategies can generate maintenance schemes, but they generally ignore performance degradation that can further influence the production process. To efficiently generate maintenance schemes with maximized availability and minimized cost, an availability-oriented maintenance strategy considering performance degradation is proposed based on a synchronized hybrid optimization algorithm (SHEA) in this study. Firstly, the performance degradation of key equipment in APLs is analyzed based on the Weibull distribution, and the availability of the equipment is analyzed considering performance degradation. Secondly, a maintenance model for the key equipment in APLs is established, and a SHEA based on multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) and squirrel search algorithm (SSA) is proposed to optimize the maintenance model with higher efficiency. Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method are verified by citing a practical APL of the engine cylinder head as an example in the case study.