The impact of building the Belt and Road on the ecological environment and the health of the related cities along this belt deserves more attention. Currently, there are few relevant pieces of research in this area, and the problem of a time lag between the ecological environment and health (e.g., life expectancy, LE) has not been explored. This paper investigates the aforementioned problem based on five ecological indicators, i.e., normalized difference vegetation index, leaf area index, gross primary production (GPP), land surface temperature (LST), and wet, which were obtained from MODIS satellite remote-sensing products in 2010, 2015, and 2020. The research steps are as follows: firstly, a comprehensive ecological index (CEI) of the areas along the Belt and Road was calculated based on the principle of component analysis; secondly, the changes in the trends of the five ecological indicators and the CEI in the research area in the past 11 years were calculated by using the trend degree analysis method; then, the distributions of the cold and hot spots of each index in the research area were calculated via cold and hot spot analysis; finally, the time lag relationship between LE and the ecological environment was explored by using the proposed spatiotemporal lag spatial crosscorrelation analysis. The experimental results show that ① there is a positive correlation between LE and ecological environment quality in the study area; ② the ecological environment has a lagging impact on LE, and the impact of ecological indicators in 2010 on LE in 2020 is greater than that in 2015; ③ among the ecological indicators, GPP has the highest impact on LE, while LST and Wet have a negative correlation with LE.