Scabies is an invasive skin condition caused by Sarcoptes scabiei mites. The present study investigates the antiscabies potential of coconut seed extract (CSE) in rabbits. GC-MS analysis of the seed oil identified 17 known compounds, while CSE phytochemical investigation afforded 4 known ones. The topical application of seed extract improved all signs of infection, and the improvement started 3 days post application. However, in vitro application of the extract caused 99% mortality of mites 1 day post application. Histopathological examination revealed the absence of inflammatory infiltration and hyperkeratosis of the epidermis, compared with ivermectin-treated groups which revealed less improvement. The mRNA gene expression results revealed a suppression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, MMP-9, VEGF, and MCP-1, and an upregulation of I-CAM-1, KGF as well as TIMP-1. The docking analysis emphasized a strong binding of gondoic acid with IL-1β, IL-6, and VEGF with high binding scores of −5.817, −5.291, and −8.362 kcal/mol, respectively, and a high binding affinity of 3″(1‴-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-sucrose with GST with −7.24 kcal/mol. Accordingly, and for the first time, our results highlighted the scabicidal potential of coconut seed extract, which opens the gate for an efficient, cost-effective as well as herbal-based alternative for the control of scabies in rabbits.

Pluchea indica (L.) Less. (Asteraceae) commonly known as Indian camphorweed, pluchea, or marsh fleabane has gained great importance in various traditional medicines for its nutritional and medicinal benefits. It is utilized to cure several illnesses such as lumbago, kidney stones, leucorrhea, inflammation, gangrenous and atonic ulcer, hemorrhoids, dysentery, eye diseases, itchy skin, acid stomach, dysuria, abdominal pain, scabies, fever, sore muscles, dysentery, diabetes, rheumatism, etc. The plant or its leaves in the form of tea are commonly used for treating diabetes and rheumatism. The plant is a rich source of calcium, vitamin C, dietary fiber, and β-carotene. Various biomolecules have been isolated from P. indica, including thiophenes, terpenes, quinic acids, sterols, lignans, phenolics, and flavonoids. The current review reports detailed information about the phytoconstituents and pharmacological relevance of P. indica and the link to its traditional uses. The reported studies validated the efficacy and safety of P. indica, as well as supported its traditional uses for treating various ailments and promoting health and well-being. Thus, this could encourage the development of this plant into a healthy food supplement or medicine for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. However, further studies on the drug interactions, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and metabolism, as well as clinical trials, should be carried out.

Abelmoschus esculentus Linn. (okra, F. Malvaceae) is a fruit widely consumed all over the world. In our study, the anti-Alzheimer’s potential of A. esculentus was evaluated. An in vitro DPPH free radical assay on A. esculentus seed’s total extract and AChE inhibition potential screening indicated a significant anti-Alzheimer’s activity of the extract, which was confirmed through an in vivo study in an aluminum-intoxicated rat model. Additionally, in vivo results demonstrated significant improvement in Alzheimer’s rats, which was confirmed by improving T-maze, beam balance tests, lower serum levels of AChE, norepinephrine, glycated end products, IL-6, and MDA. The levels of dopamine, BDNF, GSH, and TAC returned to normal values during the study. Moreover, histological investigations of brain tissue revealed that the destruction in collagen fiber nearly returns back to the normal pattern. Metabolomic analysis of the ethanolic extract of A. esculentus seeds via LC–HR-ESI-MS dereplicated ten compounds. A network pharmacology study displayed the relation between identified compounds and 136 genes, among which 84 genes related to Alzheimer’s disorders, and focused on AChE, APP, BACE1, MAPT and TNF genes with interactions to all Alzheimer’s disorders. Consequently, the results revealed in our study grant potential dietary elements for the management of Alzheimer’s disorders.

The clinical value of colistin, a polymyxin antibiotic, is limited by its nephrotoxicity. Omeprazole is a commonly prescribed proton pump inhibitor. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of the concomitant administration of omeprazole on colistin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Omeprazole significantly ameliorated colistin nephrotoxicity as evidenced by prevention in the rise in the serum level of creatinine, urea and cystactin C as well as urinary N-acetylglucosamine activity. This was confirmed by histological studies that indicated a decreased incidence of interstitial nephritis, degenerative cortical changes and collagen deposition. This was accompanied by the prevention of oxidative stress as omeprazole significantly inhibited the lipid peroxidation, glutathione depletion and enzymatic exhaustion of superoxide dismutase as well as catalase. Additionally, omeprazole inhibited the expression of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Further, omeprazole inhibited the colistin-induced rise in Bax and the down-regulation of Bcl2 mRNA expression. An assessment of the serum levels of colistin revealed that omeprazole had no significant impact. However, it was observed that omeprazole significantly inhibited the accumulation of colistin in kidney tissues. In conclusion, omeprazole protects against colistin-induced nephrotoxicity. This can be attributed to, at least partly, omeprazole’s anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities in addition to its ability to prevent the toxic accumulation of colistin in kidneys.

Cancer represents one of the most prevalent causes of global death. CK2 (casein kinase 2) activation boosted cancer proliferation and progression. Therefore, CK2 inhibition can have a crucial role in prohibiting cancer progression and enhancing apoptosis. Fungi have gained vast interest as a wealthy pool of anticancer metabolites that could particularly target various cancer progression-linked signaling pathways. Phenalenones are a unique class of secondary metabolites that possess diverse bioactivities. In the current work, the CK2 inhibitory capacity of 33 fungal phenalenones was explored using computational studies. After evaluating the usefulness of the compounds as enzyme inhibitors by ADMET prediction, the compounds were prepared for molecular docking in the CK2-α1 crystal structure (PDB: 7BU4). Molecular dynamic simulation was performed on the top two scoring compounds to evaluate their binding affinity and protein stability through a simulated physiological environment. Compound 19 had a superior binding affinity to the co-crystallized ligand (Y49). The improved affinity can be attributed to the fact that the aliphatic chain makes additional contact with Asp120 in a pocket distant from the active site.

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the association between pharmacists’ interventions and health outcomes of patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in the Middle East. A comprehensive database search was conducted in July 2024 using the electronic databases of PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Scopus. The search strategy involved the following keywords: “Impact”, “Effect”, “Pharmacist”, “Pharmacy services”, “Pharmaceutical Care”, “Intervention”, “Type 2 diabetes mellitus”, “diabetes”, and “Middle East”. Articles published in the English language between January 2010 and July 2024 related to the research question were included. The data extracted from the included papers were summarized using narrative data synthesis. Twelve articles were selected from 536 retrieved articles, with most studies conducted in hospitals (n = 10) and randomized clinical trials (n = 8). The quality of studies was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool for RCTs and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for non-randomized studies to ensure transparent evaluation of the study quality. Narrative synthesis was employed to address variations in study design, outcomes, and biases. Pharmacist interventions reported included patient education (n = 11), counseling (n = 5), drug therapy initiation (n = 5), and dosage adjustment (n = 5). Studies reported significant reductions in glycosylated (HbA1c) (range: 1.4– 1.78%) and fasting blood glucose levels (FBG) (range: 2.3– 53 mg/dL), decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure (range: 4.65– 14.9 mmHg), body mass index (BMI) (range: 1– 2.44 kg/m2), cholesterol, triglycerides, and total cholesterol, and improved medication adherence, self-care activities, and knowledge of diabetes management. In this review, pharmacist interventions reported were associated with improved clinical and humanistic outcomes among type 2 DM patients in the Middle-East. Therefore, collaborative care models involving pharmacists and other healthcare practitioners in the management of type 2 DM should be considered by health policymakers in the region.