Large language models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated state-of-the-art performance in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, achieving near-human levels in multiple language understanding challenges and aligning closely with the core principles of semantic communication Inspired by LLMs’ advancements in semantic processing, we propose LLM-SC, an innovative LLM-enabled semantic communication system framework which applies LLMs directly to the physical layer coding and decoding for the first time. By analyzing the relationship between the training process of LLMs and the optimization objectives of semantic communication, we propose training a semantic encoder through LLMs’ tokenizer training and establishing a semantic knowledge base via the LLMs’ unsupervised pre-training process. This knowledge base facilitates the creation of optimal decoder by providing the prior probability of the transmitted language sequence. Based on this, we derive the optimal decoding criteria for the receiver and introduce beam search algorithm to further reduce complexity. Furthermore, we assert that existing LLMs can be employed directly for LLM-SC without extra re-training or fine-tuning. Simulation results reveal that LLM-SC outperforms conventional DeepSC at signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) exceeding 3 dB, as it enables error-free transmissions of semantic information under high SNRs while DeepSC fails to do so. In addition to semantic-level performance, LLM-SC demonstrates compatibility with technical-level performance, achieving approximately an 8 dB coding gain for a bit error ratio (BER) of ${10}^{-3}$ without any channel coding while maintaining the same joint source–channel coding rate as traditional communication systems.

This paper presents a nonlinear behavior modeling method committed to the immunity of low-dropout (LDO) voltage regulator to conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI). A nonlinear behavior model is proposed to predict the immunity of LDOs, where the nonlinear characteristics of an LDO voltage regulator are described as a cascade of Taylor series and linear filter system. A test printed circuit board (PCB), using the direct power injection (DPI) method, is designed up to 2 GHz to measure the immunity of LDOs. A nonlinear behavior model, lump-parameter models of discrete components on PCB extracted from S -parameter measurement, and DPI method are used to predict the immunity of an LDO voltage regulator. The comparison of immunity between simulation and measurement shows that the model has a good fit up to 2 GHz.

The most widely used Wi-Fi wireless communication system, which is based on OFDM, is currently developing quickly. The receiver must, however, accurately estimate the carrier frequency offset between the transmitter and the receiver due to the characteristics of the OFDM system that make it sensitive to carrier frequency offset. The autocorrelation of training symbols is typically used by the conventional algorithm to estimate the carrier frequency offset. Although this method is simple to use and low in complexity, it has poor estimation performance at low signal-to-noise ratios, which has a significant negative impact on the performance of the wireless communication system. Meanwhile, the design of the communication physical layer using deep-learning-based (DL-based) methods is receiving more and more attention but is rarely used in carrier frequency offset estimation. In this paper, we propose a DL-based carrier frequency offset (CFO) model architecture for 802.11n standard OFDM systems. With regard to multipath channel models with varied degrees of multipath fadding, the estimation error of the proposed model is 70.54% lower on average than that of the conventional method under 802.11n standard channel models, and the DL-based method can outperform the estimation range of conventional methods. Besides, the model trained in one channel environment and tested in another was cross-evaluated to determine which models could be used for deployment in the real world. The cross-evaluation demonstrates that the DL-based model can perform well over a large class of channels without extra training when trained under the worst-case (most severe) multipath channel model.

The application of deep neural networks to address automatic modulation recognition (AMR) challenges has gained increasing popularity. Despite the outstanding capability of deep learning in automatic feature extraction, predictions based on low-data regimes with imbalanced classes of modulation signals generally result in low accuracy due to an insufficient number of training examples, which hinders the wide adoption of deep learning methods in practical applications of AMR. The identification of the minority class of samples can be crucial, as they tend to be of higher value. However, in AMR tasks, there is a lack of attention and effective solutions to the problem of Imbalanced-class in a low-data regime. In this work, we present a practical automatic data augmentation method for radio signals, called SigAugment, which incorporates eight individual transformations and effectively improves the performance of AMR tasks without additional searches. It surpasses existing data augmentation methods and mainstream methods for solving low-data and imbalanced-class problems on multiple datasets. By simply embedding SigAugment into the training pipeline of an existing model, it can achieve state-of-the-art performance on benchmark datasets and dramatically improve the classification accuracy of minority classes in the low-data imbalanced-class regime. SigAugment can be trained for uniform use on different types of models and datasets and works right out of the box.

Identifying the modulation type of radio signals is challenging in both military and civilian applications such as radio monitoring and spectrum allocation. This has become more difficult as the number of signal types increases and the channel environment becomes more complex. Deep learning-based automatic modulation classification (AMC) methods have recently achieved state-of-the-art performance with massive amounts of data. However, existing models struggle to achieve the required level of accuracy, guarantee real-time performance at edge devices, and achieve higher classification performance on high-performance computing platforms when deployed on various platforms. In this paper, we present a family of AMC models based on communication domain knowledge for various computing platforms. The higher-order statistical properties of signals, customized data augmentation methods, and narrowband convolution kernels are the domain knowledge that is specifically employed to the AMC task and neural network backbone. We used separable convolution and depth-wise convolution with very few residual connections to create our lightweight model, which has only 4.61k parameters while maintaining accuracy. On the four different platforms, the classification accuracy and inference time outperformed those of the existing lightweight models. Meanwhile, we use the squeeze-and-excitation attention mechanism, channel shuffle module, and expert feature parallel branch to improve the classification accuracy. On the three most frequently used benchmark datasets, the high-accuracy models achieved state-of-the-art average accuracies of 64.63%, 67.22%, and 65.03%, respectively. Furthermore, we propose a generic framework for evaluating the complexity of deep learning models and use it to comprehensively assess the complexity strengths of the proposed models.

This paper presents a study about temperature effect on the conducted susceptibility level of a microcontroller. Based on direct power injection, the electromagnetic susceptibility of microcontroller is measured under different temperatures. Measurement results show that different temperature conditions could result in fluctuations of conducted susceptibility level. To analyze the temperature effect on susceptibility level, several potential threats in passive part, microcontroller input/output buffer and clock signal are presented in this paper.