We aimed to investigate whether out-patient rehabilitation with the same concept as physiatrist and registered therapist operating rehabilitation (PROr) would improve activities of daily living in out-patients with chronic cerebrovascular disorder and whether the improvements were related to the frequency and/or time of therapy. Out-patients with chronic cerebrovascular disorder, who visited a clinic affiliated with a university hospital for at least a month between April 2010-September 2020, were retrospectively selected. Changes in the functional independence measure (FIM) from the first visit to the 12^th month were calculated. Patients were stratified into two subgroups: improved and non-improved groups. The frequency and time of physical and occupational therapies and total rehabilitation were compared between the groups. Initially, 174 patients were selected and 125 were excluded based on the exclusion criteria. Three patients terminated rehabilitation because of improvements. In 18 of 49 patients, FIM improved at the 12^th month by 4.9 [3.1-6.8] (mean [95% CI]). The frequency was ∼2 times/week with no differences between the groups. Physical therapy time/day was higher in the improved group (74.7 [66.7-82.7] min) than the non-improved group (50.7 [44.3-57.0] min; P<0. 001). The total rehabilitation time/day was 121.9 [107.8-136.0] min in the improved group, which was higher than the non-improved group: 97.9 [87.7-107.9] (P=0.001). Approximately 40% of the patients displayed improved FIM even during the chronic phase, and the improved out-patients took PROr for at least 108 min/day and twice a week. A longer rehabilitation time would be reinforced by patients' motivation.

The aim of this study was to assess renal functions and endocrine responses to arm exercise in persons with cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI) under euhydrated conditions (free drinking of water), and to determine the physiological effects of exercise on renal function in these subjects. Eleven CSCI individuals (spinal lesions between C6 and C8, American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale A) and nine able-bodied (AB) persons rested for 30 min before performing 30 min arm-crank ergometer exercises at 50% of their maximum oxygen consumption, followed by 60-min of rest/recovery. Urine and blood samples were collected before and immediately after the exercise and recovery period. The CSCI patients showed no increase in plasma adrenaline and plasma renin activity compared with the AB controls, but showed similar changes in plasma aldosterone and the plasma antidiuretic hormone in response to the exercise. Creatinine clearance, osmolal clearance, free water clearance, and the fractional excretion of Na⁺ did not change during exercise in both groups of subjects, however free water clearance in the CSCI group was higher than in the AB group throughout the study. These findings suggested that activated plasma aldosterone without an increase in adrenaline or renin activity during exercise in CSCI individuals may reflect an adaptation to the disturbance of the sympathetic nervous system to compensate for renal function. As a result, no adverse effects of exercise on renal function in CSCI patients were observed.