For highly sensitive detection of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in the environment, a novel pyridine diketopyrrolopyrrole-functionalized graphene oxide (PDPP–GO) composite was constructed for the first time by an improved Hummers' method. Herein, PDPP was completely dissolved in sulfuric acid (6 mol L⁻¹) and reacted with GO, promoting PDPP evenly adhering to the GO surface. Moreover, the specific surface area increased from 15.51 to 22.033 m² g⁻¹. Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy simultaneously demonstrated that PDPP was bound to GO by the strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking conjugation. During the cyclic voltammetry test, the PDPP–GO coated glassy carbon electrode (PDPP–GO/GCE) direct electrochemical sensor gave expression to the best electrocatalytic activity for 4-nitrophenol detection than GO/GCE and bare GCE. Under optimization conditions, the as-prepared PDPP–GO/GCE sensor brought out remarkable sensitivities of 18.54 (0.5–50 μM) and 6.61 μA μM⁻¹ cm⁻² (50–163 μM) in the linear detection of 4-NP. Besides, a low detection limit of 0.10 μM, reliable long-term stability, excellent selectivity, and reproducibility were obtained. In the real sample test, the PDPP–GO/GCE demonstrated sensitive and reliable determination.

A novel direct electrochemical sensor, based on a pyridine diketopyrrolopyrrole/graphene oxide nanocomposite-modified glass carbon electrode (PDPP/GO/GCE), was developed herein for chloramphenicol (CAP) detection. In this research, PDPP was grafted onto GO by C-N bonds and π-π conjugation, which were synergistically confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The morphology study shows that PDPP was uniformly dispersed on the GO in the form of particles. The constructed PDPP/GO/GCE showed the strongest response signal to CAP in the evaluation of electrocatalytic activity by cyclic voltammetry compared to that of GO-modified and unmodified GCE, revealing that the introduction of PDPP can effectively improve the electrocatalytic activity of sensors. Moreover, PDPP/GO/GCE had a noticeable current signal when the concentration of CAP was as low as 0.001 uM and had a wide line range (0.01–780 uM) with a low limit of detection (1.64 nM). The sensor properties of the as-obtained PDPP/GO/GCE involved anti-interference, reproducibility, and stability, which were also evaluated and revealed satisfactory results.

Although great progress has been achieved in polyphenylene sulfide composites by the use of carbon nanotubes, the development of cost-efficient, well dispersive and multifunctional integrated PPS composites has yet to be achieved.