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Markus Antwerpen
Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany

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Journal article
Published: 21 April 2021 in Microorganisms
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In May 2017, a hospitalized index case of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) was confirmed by Serology. The case was linked to alimentary infection by raw milk from a goat farm in the region of Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, where no previous TBE cases in the area had been reported before. The TBE focus was confirmed by isolation of the TBE virus from ticks and Serological confirmation of past infection in one of the five flock goats. Additional investigations by the local public health office identified 27 consumers of goat milk at the putative period of exposure. For 20/27 exposed persons, anamnestic information was gained by the local public health office. Twelve/fourteen exposed and non-vaccinated people developed clinical illness and were confirmed as TBE cases by Serology. Five/six vaccinated and exposed people did not develop the disease. The one exposed and vaccinated person had their last TBE vaccination booster more than 15 years ago, and therefore a booster was more than 10 years overdue. None of the regularly vaccinated and exposed persons developed clinical overt TBE infection. We report the first known TBE outbreak, during which, protection by TBE vaccination against alimentary TBE infection was demonstrated.

ACS Style

Lidia Chitimia-Dobler; Alexander Lindau; Rainer Oehme; Malena Bestehorn-Willmann; Markus Antwerpen; Marco Drehmann; Thomas Hierl; Ute Mackenstedt; Gerhard Dobler. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccination Protects from Alimentary TBE Infection: Results from an Alimentary Outbreak. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 889 .

AMA Style

Lidia Chitimia-Dobler, Alexander Lindau, Rainer Oehme, Malena Bestehorn-Willmann, Markus Antwerpen, Marco Drehmann, Thomas Hierl, Ute Mackenstedt, Gerhard Dobler. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccination Protects from Alimentary TBE Infection: Results from an Alimentary Outbreak. Microorganisms. 2021; 9 (5):889.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lidia Chitimia-Dobler; Alexander Lindau; Rainer Oehme; Malena Bestehorn-Willmann; Markus Antwerpen; Marco Drehmann; Thomas Hierl; Ute Mackenstedt; Gerhard Dobler. 2021. "Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccination Protects from Alimentary TBE Infection: Results from an Alimentary Outbreak." Microorganisms 9, no. 5: 889.

Journal article
Published: 02 November 2020 in Viruses
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We are currently facing a pandemic of COVID-19, caused by a spillover from an animal-originating coronavirus to humans occurring in the Wuhan region of China in December 2019. From China, the virus has spread to 188 countries and regions worldwide, reaching the Sahel region on March 2, 2020. Since whole genome sequencing (WGS) data is very crucial to understand the spreading dynamics of the ongoing pandemic, but only limited sequencing data is available from the Sahel region to date, we have focused our efforts on generating the first Malian sequencing data available. Screening 217 Malian patient samples for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 resulted in 38 positive isolates, from which 21 whole genome sequences were generated. Our analysis shows that both the early A (19B) and the later observed B (20A/C) clade are present in Mali, indicating multiple and independent introductions of SARS-CoV-2 to the Sahel region.

ACS Style

Bourema Kouriba; Angela Dürr; Alexandra Rehn; Abdoul Sangaré; Brehima Traoré; Malena Bestehorn-Willmann; Judicael Ouedraogo; Asli Heitzer; Elisabeth Sogodogo; Abderrhamane Maiga; Mathias Walter; Fee Zimmermann; Roman Wölfel; Markus Antwerpen. First Phylogenetic Analysis of Malian SARS-CoV-2 Sequences Provides Molecular Insights into the Genomic Diversity of the Sahel Region. Viruses 2020, 12, 1251 .

AMA Style

Bourema Kouriba, Angela Dürr, Alexandra Rehn, Abdoul Sangaré, Brehima Traoré, Malena Bestehorn-Willmann, Judicael Ouedraogo, Asli Heitzer, Elisabeth Sogodogo, Abderrhamane Maiga, Mathias Walter, Fee Zimmermann, Roman Wölfel, Markus Antwerpen. First Phylogenetic Analysis of Malian SARS-CoV-2 Sequences Provides Molecular Insights into the Genomic Diversity of the Sahel Region. Viruses. 2020; 12 (11):1251.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bourema Kouriba; Angela Dürr; Alexandra Rehn; Abdoul Sangaré; Brehima Traoré; Malena Bestehorn-Willmann; Judicael Ouedraogo; Asli Heitzer; Elisabeth Sogodogo; Abderrhamane Maiga; Mathias Walter; Fee Zimmermann; Roman Wölfel; Markus Antwerpen. 2020. "First Phylogenetic Analysis of Malian SARS-CoV-2 Sequences Provides Molecular Insights into the Genomic Diversity of the Sahel Region." Viruses 12, no. 11: 1251.

Journal article
Published: 20 May 2020 in Microorganisms
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A variety of methods have been established in order to optimize the accessibility of DNA originating from Bacillus anthracis cells and endospores to facilitate highly sensitive molecular diagnostics. However, most endospore lysis techniques have not been evaluated in respect to their quantitative proficiencies. Here, we started by systematically assessing the efficiencies of 20 DNA extraction kits for vegetative B. anthracis cells. Of these, the Epicentre MasterPure kit gave the best DNA yields and quality suitable for further genomic analysis. Yet, none of the kits tested were able to extract reasonable quantities of DNA from cores of the endospores. Thus, we developed a mechanical endospore lysis protocol, facilitating the extraction of high-quality DNA. Transmission electron microscopy or the labelling of spores with the indicator dye propidium monoazide was utilized to assess lysis efficiency. Finally, the yield and quality of genomic spore DNA were quantified by PCR and they were found to be dependent on lysis matrix composition, instrumental parameters, and the method used for subsequent DNA purification. Our final standardized lysis and DNA extraction protocol allows for the quantitative detection of low levels (

ACS Style

Mandy Knüpfer; Peter Braun; Kathrin Baumann; Alexandra Rehn; Markus Antwerpen; Gregor Grass; And Roman Wölfel. Evaluation of a Highly Efficient DNA Extraction Method for Bacillus anthracis Endospores. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 763 .

AMA Style

Mandy Knüpfer, Peter Braun, Kathrin Baumann, Alexandra Rehn, Markus Antwerpen, Gregor Grass, And Roman Wölfel. Evaluation of a Highly Efficient DNA Extraction Method for Bacillus anthracis Endospores. Microorganisms. 2020; 8 (5):763.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mandy Knüpfer; Peter Braun; Kathrin Baumann; Alexandra Rehn; Markus Antwerpen; Gregor Grass; And Roman Wölfel. 2020. "Evaluation of a Highly Efficient DNA Extraction Method for Bacillus anthracis Endospores." Microorganisms 8, no. 5: 763.

Journal article
Published: 21 February 2020 in Microorganisms
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The bacterium Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of the zoonotic disease anthrax. While genomics of extant B. anthracis isolates established in-depth phylogenomic relationships, there is scarce information on the historic genomics of the pathogen. Here, we characterized the oldest documented B. anthracis specimen. The inactive 142-year-old material originated from a bovine diseased in Chemnitz (Germany) in 1878 and is contemporary with the seminal studies of Robert Koch on B. anthracis. A specifically developed isolation method yielded high-quality DNA from this specimen for genomic sequencing. The bacterial chromosome featuring 242 unique base-characters placed it into a major phylogenetic clade of B. anthracis (B.Branch CNEVA), which is typical for central Europe today. Our results support the notion that the CNEVA-clade represents part of the indigenous genetic lineage of B. anthracis in this part of Europe. This work emphasizes the value of historic specimens as precious resources for reconstructing the past phylogeny of the anthrax pathogen.

ACS Style

Peter Braun; Mandy Knüpfer; Markus Antwerpen; Dagmar Triebel; Gregor Grass. A Rare Glimpse into the Past of the Anthrax Pathogen Bacillus anthracis. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 298 .

AMA Style

Peter Braun, Mandy Knüpfer, Markus Antwerpen, Dagmar Triebel, Gregor Grass. A Rare Glimpse into the Past of the Anthrax Pathogen Bacillus anthracis. Microorganisms. 2020; 8 (2):298.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peter Braun; Mandy Knüpfer; Markus Antwerpen; Dagmar Triebel; Gregor Grass. 2020. "A Rare Glimpse into the Past of the Anthrax Pathogen Bacillus anthracis." Microorganisms 8, no. 2: 298.

Journal article
Published: 12 December 2019 in Microorganisms
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The largest phylogenetic lineage known to date of the anthrax pathogen Bacillus anthracis is the wide-spread, so-called Trans-Eurasian clade systematically categorized as the A.Br.008/009 group sharing two defining canonical single-nucleotide polymorphisms (canSNP). In this study, we genome-sequenced a collection of 35 B. anthracis strains of this clade, derived from human infections, animal outbreaks or soil, mostly from European countries isolated between 1936 and 2008. The new data were subjected to comparative chromosomal analysis, together with 75 B. anthracis genomes available in public databases, and the relative placements of these isolates were determined within the global phylogeny of the A.Br.008/009 canSNP group. From this analysis, we have detected 3754 chromosomal SNPs, allowing the assignation of the new chromosomal sequences to established sub-clades, to define new sub-clades, such as two new Spanish, one Bulgarian or one German group(s), or to introduce orphan lineages. SNP-based results were compared with that of a multilocus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). This analysis indicated that MLVA typing might provide additional information in cases when genomics yields identical genotypes or shows only minor differences. Introducing the delayed mismatch amplification assay (DMAA) PCR-analysis, we developed a cost-effective method to interrogate for a set of ten phylogenetically informative SNPs within genomes of A.Br.008/009 canSNP clade strains of B. anthracis. By this approach, additional 32 strains could be assigned to five of ten defined clades.

ACS Style

Markus Antwerpen; Wolfgang Beyer; Olga Bassy; María Victoria Ortega-García; Juan Carlos Cabria-Ramos; Gregor Grass; Roman Wölfel. Phylogenetic Placement of Isolates Within the Trans-Eurasian Clade A.Br.008/009 of Bacillus anthracis. Microorganisms 2019, 7, 689 .

AMA Style

Markus Antwerpen, Wolfgang Beyer, Olga Bassy, María Victoria Ortega-García, Juan Carlos Cabria-Ramos, Gregor Grass, Roman Wölfel. Phylogenetic Placement of Isolates Within the Trans-Eurasian Clade A.Br.008/009 of Bacillus anthracis. Microorganisms. 2019; 7 (12):689.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Markus Antwerpen; Wolfgang Beyer; Olga Bassy; María Victoria Ortega-García; Juan Carlos Cabria-Ramos; Gregor Grass; Roman Wölfel. 2019. "Phylogenetic Placement of Isolates Within the Trans-Eurasian Clade A.Br.008/009 of Bacillus anthracis." Microorganisms 7, no. 12: 689.

Journal article
Published: 12 September 2019 in International Journal of Infectious Diseases
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An evidence for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) was found in Hyalomma impeltatum ticks collected from sheep in North Kordofan in the Sudan. Based on sequencing of the partial segment S, the detected virus belongs to lineage I with closest similarity to CCHFV strains from Senegal. So far, this lineage is unknown in the Sudan.

ACS Style

Lidia Chitimia-Dobler; Makarim Habeeb Issa; Malaz Esamalden Ezalden; Idris Ahmed Yagoub; Mohamed Abdalsalam Abdalla; Amel Omer Bakhiet; Sabine Schaper; Ramona Rieß; Patrick Vollmar; Anne Grumbach; Malena Bestehorn; Markus Antwerpen; Gerhard Dobler; Yassir Adam Shuaib. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in Hyalomma impeltatum ticks from North Kordofan, the Sudan. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2019, 89, 81 -83.

AMA Style

Lidia Chitimia-Dobler, Makarim Habeeb Issa, Malaz Esamalden Ezalden, Idris Ahmed Yagoub, Mohamed Abdalsalam Abdalla, Amel Omer Bakhiet, Sabine Schaper, Ramona Rieß, Patrick Vollmar, Anne Grumbach, Malena Bestehorn, Markus Antwerpen, Gerhard Dobler, Yassir Adam Shuaib. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in Hyalomma impeltatum ticks from North Kordofan, the Sudan. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2019; 89 ():81-83.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lidia Chitimia-Dobler; Makarim Habeeb Issa; Malaz Esamalden Ezalden; Idris Ahmed Yagoub; Mohamed Abdalsalam Abdalla; Amel Omer Bakhiet; Sabine Schaper; Ramona Rieß; Patrick Vollmar; Anne Grumbach; Malena Bestehorn; Markus Antwerpen; Gerhard Dobler; Yassir Adam Shuaib. 2019. "Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in Hyalomma impeltatum ticks from North Kordofan, the Sudan." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 89, no. : 81-83.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2019 in PeerJ
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BackgroundBetween 2008 and 2011 about 40 cases of human cowpox were reported from Germany and France. Infections had been acquired via close contact to infected, young pet rats. An identical and unique sequence of the hemagglutinin gene was found in various cowpox virus (CPXV) isolates pointing to a common source of infection. In a second CPXV outbreak in cats in a small animal clinic in Germany in 2015, four out of five hospitalized cats showed identical hemagglutinin sequences and thus, a hospital-acquired transmission had been assumed. Next-Generation Sequencing was performed in order to re-investigate the outbreaks, as epidemiological data could not confirm all cases.MethodsHomogenates of lesion material from rats, cats and humans were cultivated in cell culture. The genomes of four virus isolates, nine CPXVs from our strain collections and from DNA of three paraffin-embedded lesion materials were determined by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). For phylogenetic analyses a MAFFT-alignment was generated. A distance matrix based on concatenated SNPs was calculated and plotted as dendrogram using Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean (UPGMA) for visualization.ResultsAligning of about 200.000 nucleotides of 8 virus isolates associated with the pet rat outbreak revealed complete identity of six genomes, the remainder two genomes differed in as little as 3 SNPs. When comparing this dataset with four already published CPXV genomes also associated with the pet rat outbreak, again a maximum difference of 3 SNPs was found. The outbreak which lasted from 2008 till 2011 was indeed caused by a single strain which has maintained an extremely high level of clonality over 4 years. Aligning genomic sequences from four cases of feline cowpox revealed 3 identical sequences and one sequence which differed in 65 nucleotides. Although identical hemagglutinin sequences had been obtained from four hospitalized cats, genomic sequencing proved that a hospital-acquired transmission had occurred in only three cats.ConclusionAnalyzing the rather short sequence of the hemagglutinin gene is not sufficient to conduct molecular trace back analyses. Instead, whole genome sequencing is the method of choice which can even be applied to paraffin-embedded specimens.

ACS Style

Markus H. Antwerpen; Enrico Georgi; Alexandra Nikolic; Gudrun Zoeller; Peter Wohlsein; Wolfgang Baumgärtner; Christophe Peyrefitte; Remi Charrel; Hermann Meyer. Use of Next Generation Sequencing to study two cowpox virus outbreaks. PeerJ 2019, 7, e6561 .

AMA Style

Markus H. Antwerpen, Enrico Georgi, Alexandra Nikolic, Gudrun Zoeller, Peter Wohlsein, Wolfgang Baumgärtner, Christophe Peyrefitte, Remi Charrel, Hermann Meyer. Use of Next Generation Sequencing to study two cowpox virus outbreaks. PeerJ. 2019; 7 ():e6561.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Markus H. Antwerpen; Enrico Georgi; Alexandra Nikolic; Gudrun Zoeller; Peter Wohlsein; Wolfgang Baumgärtner; Christophe Peyrefitte; Remi Charrel; Hermann Meyer. 2019. "Use of Next Generation Sequencing to study two cowpox virus outbreaks." PeerJ 7, no. : e6561.

Journal article
Published: 03 September 2018 in BMC Microbiology
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Anthrax, the zoonotic disease caused by the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus anthracis, is nowadays rare in northern parts of Europe including Finland and Scandinavia. Only two minor outbreaks of anthrax in 1988 and in 2004 and one sporadic infection in 2008 have been detected in animals in Finland since the 1970’s. Here, we report on two Finnish B. anthracis strains that were isolated from spleen and liver of a diseased calf related to the outbreak in 1988 (strain HKI4363/88) and from a local scrotum and testicle infection of a bull in 2008 (strain BA2968). These infections occurred in two rural Finnish regions, i.e., Ostrobothnia in western Finland and Päijänne Tavastia in southern Finland, respectively. The isolates were genetically characterized by PCR-based methods such as multilocus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) and whole genome-sequence analysis (WGS). Phylogenetic comparison of the two strains HKI4363/88 and BA2968 by chromosomal single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis grouped these organisms within their relatives of the minor canonical A-branch canSNP-group A.Br.003/004 (A.Br.V770) or canonical B-branch B.Br.001/002, respectively. Strain HKI4363/88 clustered relatively closely with other members of the A.Br.003/004 lineage from Europe, South Africa, and South America. In contrast, strain BA2968 clearly constituted a new sublineage within B.Br.001/002 with its closest relative being HYO01 from South Korea. Our results suggest that Finland harbors both unique (autochthonous) and more widely distributed, common clades of B. anthracis. We suspect that members of the common clades such as strains HKI4363/88 have been introduced only recently by anthropogenic activities involving importation of contaminated animal products. On the other hand, autochthonous strains such as isolate BA2968 probably have an older history of their introduction into Finland as evidenced by a high number of single nucleotide variant sites in their genomes.

ACS Style

Taru Lienemann; Wolfgang Beyer; Kirsti Pelkola; Heidi Rossow; Alexandra Rehn; Markus Antwerpen; Gregor Grass. Genotyping and phylogenetic placement of Bacillus anthracis isolates from Finland, a country with rare anthrax cases. BMC Microbiology 2018, 18, 102 .

AMA Style

Taru Lienemann, Wolfgang Beyer, Kirsti Pelkola, Heidi Rossow, Alexandra Rehn, Markus Antwerpen, Gregor Grass. Genotyping and phylogenetic placement of Bacillus anthracis isolates from Finland, a country with rare anthrax cases. BMC Microbiology. 2018; 18 (1):102.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Taru Lienemann; Wolfgang Beyer; Kirsti Pelkola; Heidi Rossow; Alexandra Rehn; Markus Antwerpen; Gregor Grass. 2018. "Genotyping and phylogenetic placement of Bacillus anthracis isolates from Finland, a country with rare anthrax cases." BMC Microbiology 18, no. 1: 102.

Case reports
Published: 01 August 2017 in Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases
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Tularemia is a rare zoonotic disease in Germany. Francisella tularensis has been isolated previously from ticks in southern Germany underscoring the importance of ticks (Ixodes ricinus) in tularemia transmission, but there have been only few reports from this region with single cases or small case series of tick-borne transmissions of tularemia. We report five cases of non-game animal associated tularemia diagnosed from 2010 to 2016 in southwestern Germany - Baden-Wuerttemberg. Our case series and molecular typing (MLVA) results add published clinical experience to this underdiagnosed disease and consolidate previous findings regarding tick-borne transmission of tularemia and phylogenetic diversity in Germany.

ACS Style

Johannes P. Borde; Sabine Zange; Markus H. Antwerpen; Enrico Georgi; Heiner Von Buttlar; Winfried V. Kern; Siegbert Rieg. Five cases of vector-borne Francisella tularensis holarctica infections in south-western Germany and genetic diversity. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 2017, 8, 808 -812.

AMA Style

Johannes P. Borde, Sabine Zange, Markus H. Antwerpen, Enrico Georgi, Heiner Von Buttlar, Winfried V. Kern, Siegbert Rieg. Five cases of vector-borne Francisella tularensis holarctica infections in south-western Germany and genetic diversity. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 2017; 8 (5):808-812.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johannes P. Borde; Sabine Zange; Markus H. Antwerpen; Enrico Georgi; Heiner Von Buttlar; Winfried V. Kern; Siegbert Rieg. 2017. "Five cases of vector-borne Francisella tularensis holarctica infections in south-western Germany and genetic diversity." Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 8, no. 5: 808-812.

Journal article
Published: 10 June 2017 in Viruses
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Cowpox virus (CPXV) was considered as uniform species within the genus Orthopoxvirus (OPV). Previous phylogenetic analysis indicated that CPXV is polyphyletic and isolates may cluster into different clades with two of these clades showing genetic similarities to either variola (VARV) or vaccinia viruses (VACV). Further analyses were initiated to assess both the genetic diversity and the evolutionary background of circulating CPXVs. Here we report the full-length sequences of 20 CPXV strains isolated from different animal species and humans in Germany. A phylogenetic analysis of altogether 83 full-length OPV genomes confirmed the polyphyletic character of the species CPXV and suggested at least four different clades. The German isolates from this study mainly clustered into two CPXV-like clades, and VARV- and VACV-like strains were not observed. A single strain, isolated from a cotton-top tamarin, clustered distantly from all other CPXVs and might represent a novel and unique evolutionary lineage. The classification of CPXV strains into clades roughly followed their geographic origin, with the highest clade diversity so far observed for Germany. Furthermore, we found evidence for recombination between OPV clades without significant disruption of the observed clustering. In conclusion, this analysis markedly expands the number of available CPXV full-length sequences and confirms the co-circulation of several CPXV clades in Germany, and provides the first data about a new evolutionary CPXV lineage.

ACS Style

Annika Franke; Florian Pfaff; Maria Jenckel; Bernd Hoffmann; Dirk Höper; Markus Antwerpen; Hermann Meyer; Martin Beer; Donata Hoffmann. Classification of Cowpox Viruses into Several Distinct Clades and Identification of a Novel Lineage. Viruses 2017, 9, 142 .

AMA Style

Annika Franke, Florian Pfaff, Maria Jenckel, Bernd Hoffmann, Dirk Höper, Markus Antwerpen, Hermann Meyer, Martin Beer, Donata Hoffmann. Classification of Cowpox Viruses into Several Distinct Clades and Identification of a Novel Lineage. Viruses. 2017; 9 (6):142.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Annika Franke; Florian Pfaff; Maria Jenckel; Bernd Hoffmann; Dirk Höper; Markus Antwerpen; Hermann Meyer; Martin Beer; Donata Hoffmann. 2017. "Classification of Cowpox Viruses into Several Distinct Clades and Identification of a Novel Lineage." Viruses 9, no. 6: 142.

Journal article
Published: 09 May 2017 in Viruses
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Traditionally, virus taxonomy relied on phenotypic properties; however, a sequence-based virus taxonomy has become essential since the recent requirement of a species to exhibit monophyly. The species Cowpox virus has failed to meet this requirement, necessitating a reexamination of this species. Here, we report the genomic sequences of nine Cowpox viruses and, by combining them with the available data of 37 additional genomes, confirm polyphyly of Cowpox viruses and find statistical support based on genetic data for more than a dozen species. These results are discussed in light of the current International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses species definition, as well as immediate and future implications for poxvirus taxonomic classification schemes. Data support the recognition of five monophyletic clades of Cowpox viruses as valid species.

ACS Style

Matthew R. Mauldin; Markus Antwerpen; Ginny L. Emerson; Yu Li; Gudrun Zoeller; Darin S. Carroll; Hermann Meyer. Cowpox virus: What’s in a Name? Viruses 2017, 9, 101 .

AMA Style

Matthew R. Mauldin, Markus Antwerpen, Ginny L. Emerson, Yu Li, Gudrun Zoeller, Darin S. Carroll, Hermann Meyer. Cowpox virus: What’s in a Name? Viruses. 2017; 9 (5):101.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthew R. Mauldin; Markus Antwerpen; Ginny L. Emerson; Yu Li; Gudrun Zoeller; Darin S. Carroll; Hermann Meyer. 2017. "Cowpox virus: What’s in a Name?" Viruses 9, no. 5: 101.

Journal article
Published: 03 May 2017 in mBio
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In 1998, it was claimed that an 80-year-old glass tube intentionally filled with Bacillus anthracis and embedded in a sugar lump as a WWI biological weapon still contained viable spores. Today, genome sequencing of three colonies isolated in 1998 and subjected to phylogenetic analysis surprisingly identified a well-known B. anthracis reference strain isolated in the United States in 1981, pointing to accidental laboratory contamination. IMPORTANCE Next-generation sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analyses are useful and reliable tools for the classification of recent and historical samples. The reliability of sequences obtained and bioinformatic algorithms has increased in recent years, and research has uncovered the identity of a presumed bioweapon agent as a contaminant.

ACS Style

M. H. Antwerpen; J. W. Sahl; D. Birdsell; T. Pearson; M. J. Pearce; C. Redmond; H. Meyer; P. S. Keim. Unexpected Relations of Historical Anthrax Strain. mBio 2017, 8, e00440-17 .

AMA Style

M. H. Antwerpen, J. W. Sahl, D. Birdsell, T. Pearson, M. J. Pearce, C. Redmond, H. Meyer, P. S. Keim. Unexpected Relations of Historical Anthrax Strain. mBio. 2017; 8 (2):e00440-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. H. Antwerpen; J. W. Sahl; D. Birdsell; T. Pearson; M. J. Pearce; C. Redmond; H. Meyer; P. S. Keim. 2017. "Unexpected Relations of Historical Anthrax Strain." mBio 8, no. 2: e00440-17.

Research article
Published: 07 April 2017 in PLoS ONE
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Brucellosis, a worldwide common bacterial zoonotic disease, has become quite rare in Northern and Western Europe. However, since 2014 a significant increase of imported infections caused by Brucella (B.) melitensis has been noticed in Germany. Patients predominantly originated from Middle East including Turkey and Syria. These circumstances afforded an opportunity to gain insights into the population structure of Brucella strains. Brucella-isolates from 57 patients were recovered between January 2014 and June 2016 with culture confirmed brucellosis by the National Consultant Laboratory for Brucella. Their whole genome sequences were generated using the Illumina MiSeq platform. A whole genome-based SNP typing assay was developed in order to resolve geographically attributed genetic clusters. Results were compared to MLVA typing results, the current gold-standard of Brucella typing. In addition, sequences were examined for possible genetic variation within target regions of molecular diagnostic assays. Phylogenetic analyses revealed spatial clustering and distinguished strains from different patients in either case, whereas multiple isolates from a single patient or technical replicates showed identical SNP and MLVA profiles. By including WGS data from the NCBI database, five major genotypes were identified. Notably, strains originating from Turkey showed a high diversity and grouped into seven subclusters of genotype II. MLVA analysis congruently clustered all isolates and predominantly matched the East Mediterranean genetic clade. This study confirms whole-genome based SNP-analysis as a powerful tool for accurate typing of B. melitensis. Furthermore it allows special allocation and therefore provides useful information on the geographic origin for trace-back analysis. However, the lack of reliable metadata in public databases often prevents a resolution below geographic regions or country levels and corresponding precise trace-back analysis. Once this obstacle is resolved, WGS-derived bacterial typing adds an important method to complement epidemiological surveys during outbreak investigations. This is the first report of a detailed genetic investigation of an extensive collection of B. melitensis strains isolated from human cases in Germany.

ACS Style

Enrico Georgi; Mathias C. Walter; Marie-Theres Pfalzgraf; Bernd Northoff; Lesca M. Holdt; Holger C. Scholz; Lothar Zoeller; Sabine Zange; Markus H. Antwerpen. Whole genome sequencing of Brucella melitensis isolated from 57 patients in Germany reveals high diversity in strains from Middle East. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0175425 .

AMA Style

Enrico Georgi, Mathias C. Walter, Marie-Theres Pfalzgraf, Bernd Northoff, Lesca M. Holdt, Holger C. Scholz, Lothar Zoeller, Sabine Zange, Markus H. Antwerpen. Whole genome sequencing of Brucella melitensis isolated from 57 patients in Germany reveals high diversity in strains from Middle East. PLoS ONE. 2017; 12 (4):e0175425.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Enrico Georgi; Mathias C. Walter; Marie-Theres Pfalzgraf; Bernd Northoff; Lesca M. Holdt; Holger C. Scholz; Lothar Zoeller; Sabine Zange; Markus H. Antwerpen. 2017. "Whole genome sequencing of Brucella melitensis isolated from 57 patients in Germany reveals high diversity in strains from Middle East." PLoS ONE 12, no. 4: e0175425.

Journal article
Published: 25 August 2016 in Genome Announcements
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Soil was collected in July 2013 at a site where a cow infected with anthrax had been the month before. Selective culturing yielded Bacillus anthracis strain Tangail-1. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of this Bacillus anthracis isolate that belongs to the canonical A.Br.001/002 clade.

ACS Style

Farzana Islam Rume; Markus Antwerpen; Peter Braun; Paritosh Kumar Biswas; Mahmuda Yasmin; Gregor Grass; Chowdhury Rafiqul Ahsan; Matthias Hanczaruk. Genome Sequence of Bacillus anthracis Strain Tangail-1 from Bangladesh. Genome Announcements 2016, 4, e00748-16 .

AMA Style

Farzana Islam Rume, Markus Antwerpen, Peter Braun, Paritosh Kumar Biswas, Mahmuda Yasmin, Gregor Grass, Chowdhury Rafiqul Ahsan, Matthias Hanczaruk. Genome Sequence of Bacillus anthracis Strain Tangail-1 from Bangladesh. Genome Announcements. 2016; 4 (4):e00748-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farzana Islam Rume; Markus Antwerpen; Peter Braun; Paritosh Kumar Biswas; Mahmuda Yasmin; Gregor Grass; Chowdhury Rafiqul Ahsan; Matthias Hanczaruk. 2016. "Genome Sequence of Bacillus anthracis Strain Tangail-1 from Bangladesh." Genome Announcements 4, no. 4: e00748-16.

Journal article
Published: 28 April 2016 in Genome Announcements
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In July 2012, an anthrax outbreak occurred among cattle in northern Germany resulting in ten losses. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of Bacillus anthracis strain Stendal, isolated from one of the diseased cows.

ACS Style

Markus Antwerpen; Mandy Elschner; Wolfgang Gaede; Annette Schliephake; Gregor Grass; Herbert Tomaso. Genome Sequence of Bacillus anthracis Strain Stendal, Isolated from an Anthrax Outbreak in Cattle in Germany. Genome Announcements 2016, 4, e00219-16 .

AMA Style

Markus Antwerpen, Mandy Elschner, Wolfgang Gaede, Annette Schliephake, Gregor Grass, Herbert Tomaso. Genome Sequence of Bacillus anthracis Strain Stendal, Isolated from an Anthrax Outbreak in Cattle in Germany. Genome Announcements. 2016; 4 (2):e00219-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Markus Antwerpen; Mandy Elschner; Wolfgang Gaede; Annette Schliephake; Gregor Grass; Herbert Tomaso. 2016. "Genome Sequence of Bacillus anthracis Strain Stendal, Isolated from an Anthrax Outbreak in Cattle in Germany." Genome Announcements 4, no. 2: e00219-16.

Journal article
Published: 25 February 2016 in Genome Announcements
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We report the draft genome sequence of Bacillus pumilus strain Bonn associated with human skin infection. B. pumilus Bonn was isolated from a carbuncle-like necrotic site, resembling cutaneous anthrax, on the back of the hand of a 10-year-old child.

ACS Style

Gregor Grass; Gabriele Bierbaum; Ernst Molitor; Natascha Götte; Markus Antwerpen. Genome Sequence of Bacillus pumilus Strain Bonn, Isolated from an Anthrax-Like Necrotic Skin Infection Site of a Child. Genome Announcements 2016, 4, e01741-15 .

AMA Style

Gregor Grass, Gabriele Bierbaum, Ernst Molitor, Natascha Götte, Markus Antwerpen. Genome Sequence of Bacillus pumilus Strain Bonn, Isolated from an Anthrax-Like Necrotic Skin Infection Site of a Child. Genome Announcements. 2016; 4 (1):e01741-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gregor Grass; Gabriele Bierbaum; Ernst Molitor; Natascha Götte; Markus Antwerpen. 2016. "Genome Sequence of Bacillus pumilus Strain Bonn, Isolated from an Anthrax-Like Necrotic Skin Infection Site of a Child." Genome Announcements 4, no. 1: e01741-15.

Journal article
Published: 31 December 2015 in Genome Announcements
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We report the genome sequence of Bacillus anthracis strain Larissa, isolated from a diseased sheep associated with a human case of cutaneous anthrax in Central Greece from 2012. Genome sequence analysis of strain Larissa may aid in describing phylogenetic relationships of B. anthracis isolates in Southeastern European countries.

ACS Style

Gregor Grass; Matthias Hanczaruk; Markus Antwerpen. Genome Sequence of Bacillus anthracis Larissa, Associated with a Case of Cutaneous Anthrax in Greece. Genome Announcements 2015, 3, e01273-15 .

AMA Style

Gregor Grass, Matthias Hanczaruk, Markus Antwerpen. Genome Sequence of Bacillus anthracis Larissa, Associated with a Case of Cutaneous Anthrax in Greece. Genome Announcements. 2015; 3 (6):e01273-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gregor Grass; Matthias Hanczaruk; Markus Antwerpen. 2015. "Genome Sequence of Bacillus anthracis Larissa, Associated with a Case of Cutaneous Anthrax in Greece." Genome Announcements 3, no. 6: e01273-15.

Journal article
Published: 30 April 2015 in Genome Announcements
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A Bacillus anthracis strain was isolated from a burial-site in Pollino National Park where a bovine died of anthrax and was buried in 2004. We report the first genome sequence of B. anthracis isolated in the Basilicata region (southern Italy), which is the highest risk area of anthrax infection in Italy.

ACS Style

Antonio Fasanella; Peter Braun; Gregor Grass; Matthias Hanczaruk; Angela Aceti; Luigina Serrecchia; Giuseppe Leonzio; Francesco Tolve; Enrico Georgi; Markus Antwerpen. Genome Sequence of Bacillus anthracis Isolated from an Anthrax Burial Site in Pollino National Park, Basilicata Region (Southern Italy). Genome Announcements 2015, 3, e00141-15 .

AMA Style

Antonio Fasanella, Peter Braun, Gregor Grass, Matthias Hanczaruk, Angela Aceti, Luigina Serrecchia, Giuseppe Leonzio, Francesco Tolve, Enrico Georgi, Markus Antwerpen. Genome Sequence of Bacillus anthracis Isolated from an Anthrax Burial Site in Pollino National Park, Basilicata Region (Southern Italy). Genome Announcements. 2015; 3 (2):e00141-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Fasanella; Peter Braun; Gregor Grass; Matthias Hanczaruk; Angela Aceti; Luigina Serrecchia; Giuseppe Leonzio; Francesco Tolve; Enrico Georgi; Markus Antwerpen. 2015. "Genome Sequence of Bacillus anthracis Isolated from an Anthrax Burial Site in Pollino National Park, Basilicata Region (Southern Italy)." Genome Announcements 3, no. 2: e00141-15.

Journal article
Published: 30 April 2015 in Genome Announcements
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Following the recent discovery of two Pandoravirus species in 2013, a previously described endocytobiont isolated from the inflamed eye of a patient with keratitis was subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Here, we present the complete genome sequence of a new Pandoravirus isolate.

ACS Style

M. H. Antwerpen; E. Georgi; L. Zoeller; R. Woelfel; K. Stoecker; P. Scheid. Whole-Genome Sequencing of a Pandoravirus Isolated from Keratitis-Inducing Acanthamoeba. Genome Announcements 2015, 3, 1 .

AMA Style

M. H. Antwerpen, E. Georgi, L. Zoeller, R. Woelfel, K. Stoecker, P. Scheid. Whole-Genome Sequencing of a Pandoravirus Isolated from Keratitis-Inducing Acanthamoeba. Genome Announcements. 2015; 3 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. H. Antwerpen; E. Georgi; L. Zoeller; R. Woelfel; K. Stoecker; P. Scheid. 2015. "Whole-Genome Sequencing of a Pandoravirus Isolated from Keratitis-Inducing Acanthamoeba." Genome Announcements 3, no. 2: 1.

Research article
Published: 09 April 2015 in PLOS ONE
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The zoonotic disease tularemia is caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. This pathogen is considered as a category A select agent with potential to be misused in bioterrorism. Molecular typing based on DNA-sequence like canSNP-typing or MLVA has become the accepted standard for this organism. Due to the organism’s highly clonal nature, the current typing methods have reached their limit of discrimination for classifying closely related subpopulations within the subspecies F. tularensis ssp. holarctica. We introduce a new gene-by-gene approach, MLST+, based on whole genome data of 15 sequenced F. tularensis ssp. holarctica strains and apply this approach to investigate an epidemic of lethal tularemia among non-human primates in two animal facilities in Germany. Due to the high resolution of MLST+ we are able to demonstrate that three independent clones of this highly infectious pathogen were responsible for these spatially and temporally restricted outbreaks.

ACS Style

Markus H. Antwerpen; Karola Prior; Alexander Mellmann; Sebastian Höppner; Wolf D. Splettstoesser; Dag Harmsen. Rapid High Resolution Genotyping of Francisella tularensis by Whole Genome Sequence Comparison of Annotated Genes (“MLST+”). PLOS ONE 2015, 10, e0123298 .

AMA Style

Markus H. Antwerpen, Karola Prior, Alexander Mellmann, Sebastian Höppner, Wolf D. Splettstoesser, Dag Harmsen. Rapid High Resolution Genotyping of Francisella tularensis by Whole Genome Sequence Comparison of Annotated Genes (“MLST+”). PLOS ONE. 2015; 10 (4):e0123298.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Markus H. Antwerpen; Karola Prior; Alexander Mellmann; Sebastian Höppner; Wolf D. Splettstoesser; Dag Harmsen. 2015. "Rapid High Resolution Genotyping of Francisella tularensis by Whole Genome Sequence Comparison of Annotated Genes (“MLST+”)." PLOS ONE 10, no. 4: e0123298.