The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in modern agriculture has attracted increasing attention since its automation has the potential to accelerate food production with efficiency in resource use. Fuzzy logic, as one AI method, can be applied in hydroponics as an automation function of a nutrient mixing machine. There have been some inventions of nutrient mixing machines in commercial-scale agribusiness but not yet at the level of the small and medium farms that are mostly found in developing countries. This study constructed a hydroponics nutrient mixing machine employing a fuzzy logic method, calculated the machine’s efficiency, and evaluated its economic application. The automated nutrient mixing machine using fuzzy logic was efficient, and both theoretical field capacity and actual field capacity indicators were higher with the use of the nutrient mixing machine compared to manual nutrient mixing. This machine saves 78% of the labor normally used for mixing nutrients, with a saving of up to 42.86% in the nutrients used compared with mixing manually.

Management of peatlands with an integrated system of maize and cattle is an alternative to circular agriculture in peatland areas that can increase economic growth in rural areas which is environmentally friendly and sustainable (green economy). This study aims to obtain a circular agriculture model with zero waste management based on the integration of maize and cattle which is environmentally friendly and sustainable in peatland areas, in addition to increasing the added value and farmers' income. This circular agriculture model utilizes site-specific technological innovations and local resources that can restore sustainability in the peatland. The analysis methods used were before-and-after study analysis, baseline surveys, field trials using an experimental design and analysis of variance, financial analysis, and institutional engineering. To achieve this goal, two sub-models were implemented, namely a rural agro-industrial approach based on local agricultural resources by managing appropriate site-specific technological innovations (on-farm) and a local human resource approach through rural institutional engineering, that is farmers’ institutional initiation, development, empowerment, and institutional strengthening of agribusiness (off-farm). The results showed that the circular rural agricultural management model on integrating maize and cattle as a benchmark could increase farmers' income in the peatland areas by more than 208 % from IDR 4,760,000 to IDR 14,600,000 per month. The management of peatlands through circular agriculture can improve quality products and add value to the utilization of waste such as animal feed products (silage), organic fertilizers, and biourine. This rural circular agriculture model is carried out by social engineering, initiation, and strengthening of rural agribusiness institutions that are environmentally friendly so that they can be sustainable.

Background and Aim: The quality of frozen bull sperm after thawing is influenced by the primary diluent and antioxidant. This meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effect of supplementing L-cysteine and its group analogs on the quality of frozen bull sperm. Materials and Methods: A total of 22 articles obtained from Google Scholar and Scopus were integrated into metadata. The effects of adding L-cysteine and its analogs (e.g., cysteine HCl and N-acetyl-L-cysteine), both of which are known as L-cysteine, were evaluated in this meta-analysis. The following parameters were examined: Abnormality, acrosome damage, acrosomal integrity, DNA damage, DNA integrity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, plasma membrane integrity, pregnancy rate, progressive motility, sperm viability, and total motility. Data were analyzed using the mixed model methodology, with L-cysteine dosage as a fixed effect and different studies as random effects. Results: L-cysteine supplementation significantly increased the total motility (p < 0.05) and MDA content of semen, following a linear pattern. Progressive motility, acrosomal integrity, and plasma membrane integrity were significantly increased, showing a quadratic pattern (p < 0.05). Abnormality and acrosome damage were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), following a quadratic and linear pattern, respectively. Other parameters remained unaffected by L-cysteine supplementation. L-cysteine and cysteine HCl significantly inhibited (p = 0.001) acrosome damage in thawed frozen sperm compared with control sperm. Conclusion: Supplementing L-cysteine and its analog groups are recommended for freezing bull semen as it generally improves sperm quality.

In Hulu Sungai Utara Regency, the increasing of the potential of swampy land utilization through rice and duck farming needs to be developed towards the sustainable agriculture. This study aims to analyze the sustainability index of rice farming and duck poultry using the Sustainability Index approach of Lebak in Sungai Durait Hulu Village, Regency of Hulu Sungai Utara. Measurement of sustainability index includes six dimensions namely environment, economy, human resources, social, technology and institutions. The results showed that the sustainability index of rice and duck farming was about 47.54%, indicating rice and duck farming was less sustainable. The highest value of sustainability index was the social dimension, while other dimensions were included in the less sustainable category. The dimensions that has less sustainable need to be improved that could be focused on the leverage attributes which are land fertility and livestock raising system in ecological dimension, availability of livestock and product market and marketing of livestock product in economic dimension, ability to manage farming in the family and availability of family human resource in human resource dimension, agricultural waste treatment technology and feed supplement for livestock in technology dimension as well as the institution of output in institutional dimension.