Basic life support refers to a sequence of care provided to patients who are experiencing respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest, or airway obstruction. It is a specific level of prehospital medical care provided by the trained responders, including emergency medical technicians, in the absence of advanced medical care to maintain the patient’s life. BLS course trains participants to promptly recognize several life‐threatening emergencies, give high‐quality chest compressions, deliver appropriate ventilations, and provide early use of an AED. According to American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines, every missed minute in applying defibrillation in a cardiac arrest decreases the survival rate by 70%–10%. According to European Resuscitation Council (ERC), early resuscitation and prompt defibrillation (within 1‐2 minutes) can result in >60% survival. A quantitative, descriptive study design is used in this study. A purposive sampling technique was used, and the sample size was 95. A self‐structuredclose‐ended questionnaire was used to assess the level of knowledge of the participants. The finding revealed that among 95 participants, only 12% had adequate, 55% had moderate, and 32% had inadequate knowledge about Basic Life Support. The study showed that knowledge among healthcare workers about basic life support is insufficient for the majority of participants. There is a significant association between dependent and independent variables.

The purpose of this study was to determine caregivers’ knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) on the prevention and care of pressure injuries (PIs) in individuals with spinal cord injury. A quantitative cross-sectional study with descriptive correlation design was used to implement a modified semistructured questionnaire using a convenient sampling method. McDonald’s standard of learning outcome measurement criteria was used to categorize caregivers’ KAP. A Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r) was utilized to assess the relationships between caregivers’ KAP, with a value of 0.05 or less considered statistically significant. The study findings indicate that caregivers had a moderate level of knowledge (M = 73.68%, SD = 6.43), a neutral attitude (M = 70.32%, SD = 6.89), and a moderate level of practice (M = 74.77%, SD = 9.08). A positive correlation existed between caregivers’ knowledge and attitude (r = 0.30, ), as well as between knowledge and practice (r = 0.37, ). Nevertheless, there was no correlation between attitude and practice (r = 0.12, ). The study findings suggest that caregivers need to develop a positive attitude and expand their knowledge in order to improve their practice. The KAP factors that require higher priority were positioning and turning the patient, preventing skin breakdown, assessing weight changes over time, interest in patient care, additional care for PIs, frequently changing the individual’s position, priority to PI care, interest in other types of care other than PIs, using special cushions, consulting doctors on a regular basis, being aware of clothing and fabrics, proper transfer technique, pressure relief, and skin inspection, among others.

Our study was designed to screen the antibacterial potency of Princepia utilis leaf and seed extract and to measure their antioxidant effects, total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and total carbohydrate content. Collected samples were extracted by cold maceration. Hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and distilled water were used as extraction solvents. In the disc diffusion method, P. utilis ethyl acetate leaf extract was most prominent against Staphylococcus epidermis with a zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 13.83mm. Similarly, methanolic leaf extract was most prominent against Staphylococcus aureus (ZOI-12.33mm). Furthermore, the methanolic seed extract was most sensitive against Klebsiella pneumoniaee (ZOI-11.66mm) Escherichia coli (ZOI-9.0mm). The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 0.5mg/mL and 0.6mg/mL, respectively, were shown by ethyl acetate leaf extract against S. epidermis. Similarly, the highest values of MIC and MBC, i.e., 20.8mg/mL and 33.3mg/mL, respectively, were shown by hexane leaf extract against S. epidermidis. On the other hand, evaluation of antioxidant capacity revealed that ethyl acetate leaf extract showed the maximum antioxidant effect (IC₅₀: 66.69μg/mL). The total flavonoid contents of different extracts were measured in the range of 37±0.74μg QE/mg dry extract weight (methanolic seed extract) to 321.84±4.82μg QE/mg dry extract weight (hexane seed extract). Likewise, the total polyphenol content ranged from the hexane leaf extract (17.33±0.642μg GAE/mg dry extract weight) to ethyl acetate leaf extract (62.56±1.284μg GAE/mg dry extract weight). We found a variation in total carbohydrate content in the range of 23.55±1.125μg glucose/mg dry extract weight (hexane leaf extract) to 96.63±2.253μg glucose/mg dry extract weight (aqueous leaf extract). Overall, this study revealed that leaf and seed extract of P. utilis exhibited noteworthy antibacterial effects against diverse pathogenic microorganisms.

The Marburg virus (MARV), belonging to the Filoviridae family, poses a significant global health threat, emphasizing the urgency to develop Marburg virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines for outbreak mitigation. The virus's menacing traits accentuate the need for such vaccines, which can be addressed by VLPs that mimic its structure safely, potentially overcoming past limitations. Early Marburg vaccine endeavors and their challenges are examined in the historical perspectives section, followed by an exploration of VLPs as transformative tools, capable of eliciting immune responses without conventional risks. Noteworthy milestones and achievements in Marburg VLP vaccine development, seen through preclinical and clinical trials, indicate potential cross-protection. Ongoing challenges, encompassing durability, strain diversity, and equitable distribution, are addressed, with proposed innovations like novel adjuvant, mRNA technology, and structure-based design poised to enhance Marburg VLP vaccines. This review highlights the transformative potential of Marburg VLPs in countering the virus, showcasing global collaboration, regulatory roles, and health equity for a safer future through the harmonious interplay of science, regulation, and global efforts.

BACKGROUND: E-learning is the delivery of learning and training through digital resources. Although e-learning is based on formalized learning, it is provided through computers, tablets, and even cellular phones those are connected to the Internet. This makes it easy for users to learn anytime, anywhere, with few, if any restrictions.MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was done, and data was obtained through an online survey method from September 14, 2020 to October 08, 2020. Questions were created in “Google Forms.” The targeted population was all nursing students from all over Nepal. There were a total of 365 respondents. A pilot study was done on 10 students. After the pilot study, the same question was distributed to all the respondents.RESULTS: Almost half (40.8%) got disturbed in their online class because of electricity; around half of the respondents (41.9%) are disturbed in their online class because of Internet problems. Moreover, around half of the respondents (44.4%) use the data pack daily, and 38.6% use the data sometimes.CONCLUSION: The study concludes that most students suffered from Internet disturbance and electricity problems during online classes. Because of electricity and Internet problems, most students feel anxious during class, and most of the students are not able to attend classes. Most students are compelled to use data packs for online classes. However, the course may not be completed if the problems arising during online classes are not solved.