One hundred new species of lichenized fungi: a signature of undiscovered global diversity

An identification key is presented for the accepted species of the lichen genera Anthracothecium (comprising 5 species) and Pyrenula (with 169 species, including 7 still undescribed). The key also contains some similar taxa and is complete for Blastodesmia (1 species), Sulcopyrenula (4 species), and Eopyrenula (6 species), but not for others such as Aptrootia, Architrypethelium, and Lithothelium, of which only the corticolous brown-spored taxa are treated. The following new combinations were found to be necessary: Anthracothecium interlatens (Nyl.) Aptroot, Pyrenula breutelii (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot, Pyrenula ceylonensis (Ajay Singh & Upreti) Aptroot, Pyrenula fusispora (Malme) Aptroot, Pyrenula gibberulosa (Vain.) Aptroot, Pyrenula lyoni (Zahlbr.) Aptroot, Pyrenula papillifera (Nyl.) Aptroot, Pyrenula platystoma (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot, Pyrenula schiffneri (Zahlbr.) Aptroot, Pyrenula welwitschii (Upreti & Ajay Singh) Aptroot, and Sulcopyrenula subglobosa (Riddle) Aptroot. Pyrenula sexluminata Aptroot is a new name for Pyrenula quinqueseptata Aptroot, and Pyrenula neosandwicensis Aptroot is a new name for Anthracothecium sandwicense Zahlbr. In addition, all known and many novel synonyms are cited, and the disposition of all other taxa in the two genera Anthracothecium (with 155 names) and Pyrenula (with 745 names) and their generic synonyms. Bogoriella was found to be an older name for Mycomicrothelia.

Asexually reproducing fungi play a significant role in essential processes in managed and wild ecosystems such as nutrients cycling and multitrophic interactions. A large number of such taxa are among the most notorious plant and animal pathogens. In addition, they have a key role in food production, biotechnology and medicine. Taxa without or rare sexual reproduction are distinguished based on their sporulating structures and conidiomata in traditional morphology-based taxonomy. The number, variation and diversity of asexually reproducing taxa are insufficiently known, even though fungi capable of asexual reproduction may provide an untapped, rich biological resource for future exploitation. Currently, ca. 30,000 asexual species belonging to ca. 3800 genera have been reported (including 1388 coelomycetous and 2265 hyphomycetous genera). Recent reports (2017–2020) reiterate that the number of asexually producing fungi is higher than the number of frequently sexually-reproducing fungi. With the advent of molecular tools and the abandonment of the dual nomenclature system for pleomorphic fungi, priority criteria were established and revisited in the latest outline of fungi and fungus-like taxa. However, species numbers and taxonomic boundaries of pleomorphic taxa and their synanamorphs or synasexual morphs have yet to be addressed. The number of species of speciose genera (e.g. Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cercospora, Fusarium, Phoma and Pseudocercospora), cryptic species, species of pleomorphic genera, less studied life modes (such as lichenicolous taxa, taxa from extreme environments) and species from biodiversity-rich areas still need evaluation to achieve more reliable estimates of their diversity. This paper discusses the current knowledge on the matter, with diversity estimates, and potential obstacles in several chapters on (1) speciose genera; (2) pleomorphic genera; (3) cryptic species; (4) well-studied but insufficiently resolved taxa, e.g. leaf inhabiting species, marine fungi, (5) less studied life modes, e.g. lichenicolous, rock-inhabiting fungi, insect-associated and yeast-forming taxa and (6) species from biodiversity-rich areas.

Following a large-scale phylogenetic study of the lichenized genus Cora (Basidiomycota: Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), we formally describe 70 new species, honouring the seventieth birthday of David Leslie Hawksworth, one of the preeminent figures in mycology and lichenology in the past 50 years. Based on an updated phylogeny using the ITS fungal barcoding locus, we now recognize 189 taxa in a genus that until recently was considered to represent a single species; including this contribution, 92 of these are formally recognized, including five taxa based on historical names or collections that have not been sequenced. Species of Cora can be recognized by a combination of morphological (size, colour, lobe configuration, surface hairs, hymenophore size and shape), anatomical (thallus thickness, cortex structure, photobiont type, hyphal papillae), and ecogeographical features (substrate, habitat, distribution), and a keytable allowing the identification of all accepted taxa is provided. The new species are: Cora accipiter Moncada, Madriñán & Lücking spec. nov., C. applanata Moncada, Soto-Medina & Lücking spec. nov., C. arachnodavidea Moncada, Dal Forno & Lücking spec. nov., C. arborescens Dal Forno, Chaves & Lücking spec. nov., C. arcabucana Moncada, C. Rodríguez & Lücking spec. nov., C. aturucoa Lücking, Moncada & C. Vargas spec. nov., C. auriculeslia Moncada, Yánez-Ayabaca & Lücking spec. nov., C. barbifera Moncada, Patiño & Lücking spec. nov., C. boleslia Lücking, E. Morales & Dal Forno spec. nov., C. caliginosa Holgado, Rivas Plata & Perlmutter spec. nov., C. campestris Dal Forno, Eliasaro & Spielmann spec. nov., C. canari Nugra, Dal Forno & Lücking spec. nov., C. caraana Lücking, Martins & Lucheta spec. nov., C. casasolana Moncada, R.-E. Pérez & Lücking spec. nov., C. caucensis Moncada, M. Gut. & Lücking spec. nov., C. celestinoa Moncada, Cabrera-Amaya & Lücking spec. nov., C. comaltepeca Moncada, R.-E. Pérez & Herrera-Camp. spec. nov., C. corani Lücking, E. Morales & Dal Forno spec. nov., C. corelleslia Moncada, A. Suárez-Corredor & Lücking spec. nov., C. crispoleslia Moncada, J. Molina & Lücking spec. nov., C. cuzcoensis Holgado, Rivas Plata & Perlmutter spec. nov., C. dalehana Moncada, Madriñán & Lücking spec. nov., C. davibogotana Lücking, Moncada & Coca spec. nov., C. davicrinita Moncada, Madriñán & Lücking spec. nov., C. davidia Moncada, L. Vargas & Lücking spec. nov., C. dewisanti Moncada, A. Suárez-Corredor & Lücking spec. nov., C. dulcis Moncada, R.-E. Pérez & Lücking spec. nov., C. elephas Lücking, Moncada & L. Vargas spec. nov., C. fuscodavidiana Lücking, Moncada & L. Vargas spec. nov., C. garagoa Simijaca, Moncada & Lücking spec. nov., C. gigantea Lücking, Moncada & Coca spec. nov., C. gomeziana Dal Forno, Chaves & Lücking spec. nov., C. guajalitensis Lücking, Robayo & Dal Forno spec. nov., C. hafecesweorthensis Moncada, Lücking & R. Peláez spec. nov., C. haledana Dal Forno, Chaves & Lücking spec. nov., C. hawksworthiana Dal Forno, P. Nelson & Lücking spec. nov., C. hochesuordensis Lücking, E. Morales & Dal Forno spec. nov., C. hymenocarpa Lücking, Chaves & Lawrey spec. nov., C. imi Lücking, Chaves & Lawrey spec. nov., C. itabaiana Dal Forno, Aptroot & M. Cáceres spec. nov., C. leslactuca Lücking, Moncada & R. Peláez spec. nov., C. maxima Wilk, Dal Forno & Lücking spec. nov., C. minutula Lücking, Moncada & Yánez-Ayabaca spec. nov., C. palaeotropica Weerakoon, Aptroot & Lücking spec. nov., C. palustris Dal Forno, Chaves & Lücking spec. nov., C. parabovei Dal Forno, Kukwa & Lücking spec. nov., C. paraciferrii Lücking, Moncada & J.E. Hern. spec. nov., C. paraminor Dal Forno, Chaves & Lücking spec. nov., C. pastorum Moncada, Patiño & Lücking spec. nov., C. pichinchensis Paredes, Jonitz & Dal Forno spec. nov., C. pikynasa J.-M. Torres, Moncada & Lücking spec. nov., C. pseudobovei Wilk, Dal Forno & Lücking spec. nov., C. pseudocorani Lücking, E. Morales & Dal Forno spec. nov., C. putumayensis L.J. Arias, Moncada & Lücking spec. nov., C. quillacinga Moncada, F. Ortega & Lücking spec. nov., C. rothesiorum Moncada, Madriñán & Lücking spec. nov., C. rubrosanguinea Nugra, Moncada & Lücking spec. nov., C. santacruzensis Dal Forno, Bungartz & Yánez-Ayabaca, spec. nov., C. schizophylloides Moncada, C. Rodríguez & Lücking spec. nov., C. smaragdina Lücking, Rivas Plata & Chaves spec. nov., C. soredavidia Dal Forno, Marcelli & Lücking spec. nov., C. subdavicrinita Moncada, J. Molina & Lücking spec. nov., C. suturifera Nugra, Besal & Lücking spec. nov., C. terrestris Dal Forno, Chaves & Lücking spec. nov., C. terricoleslia Wilk, Dal Forno & Lücking spec. nov., C. udebeceana Moncada, R. Peláez & Lücking spec. nov., C. urceolata Moncada, Coca & Lücking spec. nov., C. verjonensis Lücking, Moncada & Dal Forno spec. nov., C. viliewoa Lücking, Chaves & Soto-Medina spec. nov., and C. yukiboa Mercado-Díaz, Moncada & Lücking spec. nov. Furthermore, the taxonomic status of the recently described or recognized species C. arachnoidea, C. aspera, C. ciferrii, and C. reticulifera, is revised.

A revisionary synopsis is presented for the familyTrypetheliaceae, based on a separately published phylogenetic analysis of a large number of species, morpho-anatomical and chemical study of extensive material, and revision of numerous type specimens. A total of 418 species is formally accepted in this synopsis, distributed among 15 genera as follows:Aptrootia(3),Architrypethelium(7),Astrothelium(242),Bathelium(16),Bogoriella(29),Constrictolumina(9),Dictyomeridium(7),Distothelia(3),Marcelaria(3),Nigrovothelium(2),Novomicrothelia(1),Polymeridium(50),Pseudopyrenula(20),Trypethelium(16), andViridothelium(10). All accepted genera, including new genera described separately in this issue, are keyed out and briefly described and discussed, and keys are provided for all accepted species within each genus. Entries with full synonymy and brief descriptions, and in part also discussions, are provided for all accepted species, except those newly described elsewhere in this issue, which are cross-referenced in the corresponding keys. The description of the newly defined genera takes into account phylogeny in combination with morpho-anatomical features with the result that they are mostly recognizable by a combination of thallus, ascoma and ascospore features. Most species previously assigned to the generaAstrothelium,Campylothelium,Cryptothelium, andTrypethelium, based on a schematic concept of ascoma morphology and ascospore septation, are now included in a single genus,Astrothelium, with highly variable ascoma morphology and ascospore septation but invariably with astrothelioid ascospores (at least when young), that is diamond-shaped lumina, and a well-developed, corticate, usually olive-green thallus that often covers the ascomata. While the generaAptrootia(large, brown, muriform ascospores),Architrypethelium(large, mostly 3-septate ascospores), andPseudopyrenula(ecorticate, white thalli and astrothelioid ascospores) are maintained,Trypetheliumis redefined to include species with raised, pseudostromatic ascomata and multiseptate ascospores with thin septa. The sister group ofTrypetheliumis the genusMarcelaria, with brightly coloured pseudostromata and muriform ascospores.Batheliumis now limited to species with strongly raised, fully exposed pseudostromata and septate to muriform ascospores with thin septa. Several genera are recognized for more basal lineages with mostly ecorticate, white thalli and solitary, exposed ascomata previously assigned toArthopyrenia,MycomicrotheliaandPolymeridium, viz. Bogoriella,Constrictolumina,Dictyomeridium, andNovomicrothelia. In addition, separate genera are accepted for theTrypethelium tropicum(Nigrovothelium) andT. virens(Viridothelium) groups. In addition, a refined species concept resulting from phylogenetic studies is employed which pays particular attention to morphological features of the thallus and ascomata. Of a total of 526 names checked, 107 remain synonyms of accepted names and a further eight are newly excluded from the family. Based on these redispositions, the following 146 new combinations are proposed, including reinstatement of numerous names previously subsumed into synonymy:Architrypethelium columbianum(Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. grande(Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,Astrothelium aeneum(Eschw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. alboverrucum(Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. amazonum(R. C. Harris) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. ambiguum(Malme) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. andamanicum(Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot comb. nov.,A. annulare(Spreng.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. aurantiacum(Makhija & Patw) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. auratum(R. C. Harris) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. aureomaculatum(Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. basilicum(Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. bicolor(Taylor) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. buckii(R. C. Harris) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. calosporum(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. cartilagineum(Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. cecidiogenum(Aptroot & Lücking) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. ceratinum(Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. chapadense(Malme) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. chrysoglyphum(Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. chrysostomum(Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. cinereorosellum(Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. cinereum(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. et stat. nov.,A. confluens(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. consimile(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. deforme(Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. defossum(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. degenerans(Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. dissimilum(Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. effusum(Aptroot & Sipman) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. endochryseum(Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. exostemmatis(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. feei(C. F. W. Meissn.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. ferrugineum(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. galligenum(Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. gigantosporum(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. indicum(Upreti & Ajay Singh) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. infossum(Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. infuscatulum(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. irregulare(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. keralense(Upreti & Ajay Singh) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. kunzei(Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. leioplacum(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. lugescens(Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. luridum(Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. macrocarpum(Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. macrosporum(Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. marcidum(Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. megaleium(Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. megalophthalmum(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. megalostomum(Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. megaspermum(Mont.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. meiophorum(Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. meristosporoides(P. M. McCarthy & Vongshew.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. meristosporum(Mont. & Bosch) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. neogalbineum(R. C. Harris) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. nigratum(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. et stat. nov.,A. nigrorufum(Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. nitidiusculum(Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. octosporum(Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. oligocarpum(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. olivaceofuscum(Zenker) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. papillosum(P. M. McCarthy) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. papulosum(Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. peranceps(Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. phaeothelium(Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. phlyctaenua(Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. porosum(Ach.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. praetervisum(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. pseudoplatystomum(Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. pseudovariatum(Upreti & Ajay Singh) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. puiggarii(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. pulcherrimum(Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. pupula(Ach.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. purpurascens(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. pustulatum(Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. rufescens(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. et stat. nov.,A. sanguinarium(Malme) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. santessonii(Letr.-Gal.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. saxicola(Malme) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. scoria(Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. scorizum(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. sierraleonense(C. W. Dodge) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. sikkimense(Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. spectabile(Aptroot & Ferraro) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. sphaerioides(Mont.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. stramineum(Malme) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. straminicolor(Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. subcatervarium(Malme) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. subdiscretum(Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. subdisjunctum(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. subdissocians(Nyl. ex Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. et stat. nov.,A. superbum(Fr.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. tenue(Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. thelotremoides(Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. trypethelizans(Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. tuberculosum(Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. ubianense(Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. variatum(Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,A. vezdae(Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,Bathelium austroafricanum(Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. nigroporum(Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,Bogoriella alata(Groenh. ex Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. annonacea(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. apposita(Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. captiosa(Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. collospora(Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. confluens(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. conothelena(Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. decipiens(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. exigua(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. fumosula(Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. hemisphaerica(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. lateralis(Sipman) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. leuckertii(D. Hawksw. & J. C. David) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. macrocarpa(Komposch, Aptroot & Hafellner) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. megaspora(Aptroot & M. Cáceres) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. miculiformis(Nyl. ex Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. minutula(Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. modesta(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. nonensis(Stirt.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. obovata(Stirt.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. pachytheca(Sacc. & Syd.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. punctata(Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. queenslandica(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. socialis(Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. striguloides(Sérus. & Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. subfallens(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. thelena(Ach.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. triangularis(Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,B. xanthonica(Komposch, Aptroot & Hafellner) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,Constrictolumina esenbeckiana(Fée) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov.,C. leucostoma(Müll. Arg.) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov.,C. lyrata(R. C. Harris) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov.,C. majuscula(Nyl.) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov.,C. malaccitula(Nyl.) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov.,C. porospora(Vain.) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov.,Dictyomeridium amylosporum(Vain.) Aptroot, M. P. Nelsen & Lücking comb. nov.,D. campylothelioides(Aptroot & Sipman) Aptroot, M. P. Nelsen & Lücking comb. nov.,D. immersum(Aptroot, A. A. Menezes & M. Cáceres) Aptroot, M. P. Nelsen & Lücking comb. nov.,D. isohypocrellinum(Xavier-Leite, M. Cáceres & Aptroot) Aptroot, M. P. Nelsen & Lücking comb. nov.,D. paraproponens(Aptroot, M. Cáceres & E. L. Lima) Aptroot, M. P. Nelsen & Lücking comb. nov.,Distothelia rubrostoma(Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,Phyllobathelium chlorogastricum(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,Pseudopyrenula cubana(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov.,Viridothelium cinereoglaucescens(Vain.) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov.,V. indutum(Stirt.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., andV. megaspermum(Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov. In addition, six replacement names are proposed:Astrothelium campylocartilagineumAptroot & Lücking nom. nov.,A. grossoidesAptroot & Lücking nom. nov.,A. octosporoidesAptroot & Lücking nom. nov.,A. scoriotheliumAptroot & Lücking nom. nov.,A. pyrenastrosulphureumAptroot & Lücking nom. nov., andBathelium pruinolucensAptroot & Lücking nom. et stat. nov. Along with this, 57 lectotypes are newly designated. Most species (392 out of 418) are illustrated, with a total of 697 images in 59 plates, including 406 type specimens. Where appropriate, taxa are briefly discussed. New country or continental records are listed for many species in their revised circumscription. A checklist of taxa described or placed in genera belonging inTrypetheliaceaebut previously excluded from the family, and their current names, is also provided.