In this study, for the first time, the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of the essential oil from cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) leaves were evaluated and investigated using various bioanalytical methods. In addition, the inhibitory effects of cinnamon oil on carbonic anhydrase II (hCA II), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and α-amylase, which are associated with various metabolic diseases, were determined. Further, the phenolic contents of the essential oil were determined using LC-HRMS chromatography. Twenty-seven phenolic molecules were detected in cinnamon oil. Moreover, the amount and chemical profile of the essential oils present in cinnamon oil was determined using GC/MS and GC-FID analyses. (E)-cinnamaldehyde (72.98%), benzyl benzoate (4.01%), and trans-Cinnamyl acetate (3.36%) were the most common essential oils in cinnamon leaf oil. The radical scavenging activities of cinnamon oil were investigated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH^•), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and (ABTS^•+) bioanalytical scavenging methods, which revealed its strong radical scavenging abilities (DPPH^•, IC₅₀: 4.78 μg/mL; and ABTS^•+, IC₅₀: 5.21 μg/mL). Similarly, the reducing capacities for iron (Fe³⁺), copper (Cu²⁺), and Fe³⁺-2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-S-triazine (TPTZ) were investigated. Cinnamon oil also exhibited highly effective inhibition against hCA II (IC₅₀: 243.24 μg/mL), AChE (IC₅₀: 16.03 μg/mL), and α-amylase (IC₅₀: 7.54μg/mL). This multidisciplinary study will be useful and pave the way for further studies for the determination of antioxidant properties and enzyme inhibition profiles of medically and industrially important plants and their oils.

Determining the antioxidant abilities and enzyme inhibition profiles of medicinally important plants and their oils is of great importance for a healthy life and the treatment of some common global diseases. Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) oil was examined and researched using several bioanalytical methods comprehensively for the first time in this research to determine its antioxidant, antiglaucoma, antidiabetic and anti-Alzheimer’s capabilities. Additionally, the kiwifruit oil inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carbonic anhydrase II (CA II), and α-amylase, which are linked to a number of metabolic illnesses, were established. Furthermore, LC-HRMS analysis was used to assess the phenolic content of kiwifruit oil. It came to light that kiwifruit oil contained 26 different phenolic compounds. According to the LC-HRMS findings, kiwifruit oil is abundant in apigenin (74.24 mg/L oil), epigallocatechin (12.89 mg/L oil), caryophyllene oxide (12.89 mg/L oil), and luteolin (5.49 mg/L oil). In addition, GC-MS and GC-FID studies were used to ascertain the quantity and chemical composition of the essential oils contained in kiwifruit oil. Squalene (53.04%), linoleoyl chloride (20.28%), linoleic acid (2.67%), and palmitic acid (1.54%) were the most abundant compounds in kiwifruit oil. For radical scavenging activities of kiwifruit oil, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH^•) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS^•+) radicals scavenging techniques were examined. These methods effectively demonstrated the potent radical scavenging properties of kiwifruit oil (IC₅₀: 48.55 μg/mL for DPPH^•, and IC₅₀: 77.00 μg/mL for ABTS^•+ scavenging). Also, for reducing capabilities, iron (Fe³⁺), copper (Cu²⁺), and Fe³⁺-2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-S-triazine (TPTZ) reducing abilities were studied. Moreover, kiwifruit oil showed a considerable inhibition effect towards hCA II (IC₅₀: 505.83 μg/mL), AChE (IC₅₀: 12.80 μg/mL), and α-amylase (IC₅₀: 421.02 μg/mL). The results revealed that the use of kiwifruit oil in a pharmaceutical procedure has very important effects due to its antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer, antidiabetic, and antiglaucoma effects.

This investigation explored the chemical constituents and biological activities of the steam-distilled oil of L. usitatissimum (SDOLU), employing sophisticated techniques including LC-HRMS, GC-MS, and GC-FID. The analysis identified a diverse array of 17 phenolic compounds, with linoleoyl chloride (64.05%) and linoleic acid (10.39%) as the major fatty acid components. The SDOLU demonstrated remarkable antioxidant capacity, effectively neutralizing free radicals in both DPPH^• (IC₅₀: 19.80 μg/mL) and ABTS^•+ (IC₅₀: 57.75 μg/mL) scavenging assays, alongside robust electron-donating activity in reducing ability tests. Moreover, the SDOLU showed significant inhibition of key enzymes implicated in metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders, including α-amylase (IC₅₀: 531.44 μg/mL), acetylcholinesterase (IC₅₀: 13.23 μg/mL), and carbonic anhydrase II (IC₅₀: 281.02 μg/mL). Collectively, these results highlight the SDOLU as a valuable natural source of multifunctional bioactivities with potential applications in combating oxidative stress and enzyme-related global diseases. Further studies are warranted to validate its therapeutic efficacy and expand its industrial utilization.

Background/Objectives: Lavandula cariensis species is cultivated uncommonly in the western region of Turkey. The colloquial appellations avayianos, karabasi, and myra are used to refer to the L. cariensis plant. The essential oil of L. cariensis was studied for its potential antiglaucoma, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effects. Methods: The inhibitory effect of the essential oil of L. cariensis on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carbonic anhydrase II (CA II), and α-amylase enzymes was determined. Therefore, chemical profiles of L. cariensis’ essential oil were identified using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and as Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID) analyses. Results: Camphor (39.73%), fenchone (19.49%), exobornyl acetate (6.81%), camphene (5.49%), and eucalyptol (5.49%) were the most abundant compounds in L. cariensis essential oil. Radical scavenging effect of the essential oil of L. cariensis was examined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (IC₅₀: 231.0 ± 0.094 μg/mL) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) (IC₅₀: 7.45 ± 0.013 μg/mL) radicals. Also, the ferric ions (Fe³⁺), cupric ions (Cu²⁺), and Fe³⁺-2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-S-triazine (TPTZ) complex reducing capabilities were studied. Additionally, essential oil of L. cariensis indicated a comparable level of inhibition towards hCA II (IC₅₀: 276.42 μg/mL), AChE (IC₅₀: 14.22 μg/mL), and α-amylase (IC₅₀: 475.63 μg/mL) enzymes. Conclusions: The evaluation of the antioxidant capabilities and enzyme inhibition profiling of the essential oil of L. cariensis will be made possible by this comprehensive study, which serves as a springboard for further research. The essential oil of L. cariensis demonstrated enzyme-inhibitory activities against target enzymes associated with Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, and glaucoma. Also, this study’s in vitro inhibition suggests promising prospects.

Bu çalışmada, dünyadaki ticaret arzının %90’ı ülkemizden gerçekleştirilen Defne (Laurus nobilis) bitkisinin, geleneksel buharlı damıtma sistemiyle birlikte, endüstriyel tipte tasarlanan yeni bir mikrodalga destekli damıtma (MDD) sistemi kullanılarak uçucu yağları elde edilmiştir. Literatürdeki tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerden mikrodalga (MD) desteğiyle damıtma yapılan çalışmalara bakıldığında ya küçük ölçekli laboratuvar cihazı ya da klasik MD fırınlara clevenger ilavesi yapılarak damıtma işleminin gerçekleştirildiği görülmektedir. Ancak, bitki miktarı artıkça elektromanyetik (EM) gücün bitkiye nüfuzu azalacağından dolayı bu küçük ölçekli MD destekli çalışmalar endüstriyel tip damıtma süreçleri için birebir model olmaktan uzak kalacaklardır. Bu amaçla bu çalışmada özgünlük olarak, MD gücün büyük ölçekli sistemlerdeki damıtma süreçlerine etkisini doğru bir şekilde modelleyebilmek için yeni bir endüstriyel tip MDD sistemi tasarlanıp test edilmiştir. Her bir testte 5 kg’lık bitki damıtılmakta olup tasarlanan MDD sisteminde 12 adet magnetron kullanılmıştır. Bu magnetronların farklı güçte çalışması kontrol devresiyle sağlanarak, MD gücünün uçucu yağ verimine ve uçucu yağ bileşenlerine etkileri gözlenmiştir. Yapılan testler sonucunda, MD desteği verilerek yapılan damıtma işlemlerinde, Linalool, Linalyle formate ve β-terpinyl acetate bileşenlerinde dramatik değişimler izlenmiştir. Geleneksel buhar damıtma (BD) sistemine göre uçucu yağ veriminde %10-24’lük bir artış elde edilmiş, süre 100 dk’dan 50 dk’ya düşürülmüştür. %26-35 arası daha az enerji harcanmış ve tüm bunların karşılığında bileşen bazında standart değerlerde uçucu yağ elde edilmiştir. Damıtılma sonucundaki uçucu yağ analizleri GC-MS analizi ile kimyasal olarak analiz edilmiş ve 64 farklı bileşen elde edilmiştir. Bunlardan 29 tanesinin gruplandırılmasıyla yapılan değerlendirmede, monoterpen-oksitlerin %55.68, monoterpen-hidrokarbonların ise %27.96 olduğu, kalan kısmın seskiterpen-oksit, seskiterpen-hidrokarbon ve fenolik bileşenlerden oluştuğu tespit edilmiştir. MW gücünün düşük olduğu testlerde monoterpen-oksitlerin azaldığı, MW gücü arttıkça belli bir oranda yükseldiği tespit edilirken monoterpen-hidrokarbonlarda ise tam tersi bir durum izlenmiştir. Linalool ve linalyl formate bileşenleri MW gücüyle en çok değişen bileşenler olmuştur. Yapılan değerlendirmeler MW desteğinin, endüstriyel tip damıtma süreçlerinde uygulanmasının pozitif etkileri olacağı ve maliyetleri aşağı çekeceği yönündedir.