Sulfite and kraft pulping are two principal methods of industrial delignification of wood. In recent decades, those have been considered as possibilities to pretreat recalcitrant wood lignocellulosics for the enzymatic hydrolysis of polysaccharides and the subsequent fermentation of obtained sugars to valuable bioproducts. Current work compares chemistry and technological features of two different cooking processes in the preparation of polysaccharide substrates for deep saccharification with P. verruculosum glycosyl hydrolases. Bleached kraft and sulfite pulps were subjected to hydrolysis with enzyme mixture of high xylanase, cellobiohydrolase, and β-glucosidase activities at a dosage of 10 FPU/g of dry pulp and fiber concentration of 2.5, 5, and 10%. HPLC was used to analyze soluble sugars after hydrolysis and additional acid inversion of oligomers to monosaccharides. Kraft pulp demonstrated higher pulp conversion after 48 h (74–99%), which mostly resulted from deep xylan hydrolysis. Sulfite-pulp hydrolysates, obtained in similar conditions due to higher hexose concentration (more than 50 g/L), had higher fermentability for industrial strains producing alcohols, microbial protein, or organic acids. Along with saccharification, enzymatic modification of non-hydrolyzed residues occurred, which led to decreased degree of polymerization and composition changes in two industrial pulps. As a result, crystallinity of kraft pulp increased by 1.3%, which opens possibilities for obtaining new types of cellulosic products in the pulp and paper industry. The high adaptability and controllability of enzymatic and fermentation processes creates prospects for the modernization of existing factories.

The global development of the bioeconomy is impossible without technologies for comprehensive processing of plant renewable resources. The use of proven pretreatment technologies raises the possibility of the industrial implementation of the enzymatic conversion of polysaccharides from lignocellulose considering the process’s complexity. For instance, a well-tuned kraft pulping produces a substrate easily degraded by cellulases and hemicelulases. Enzymatic hydrolysis of bleached hardwood kraft pulp was carried out using an enzyme complex of endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, β-glucosidases, and xylanases produced by recombinant strains of Penicillium verruculosum at a 10 FPU/g mixture rate and a 10% substrate concentration. As a result of biocatalysis, the following products were obtained: sugar solution, mainly glucose, xylobiose, xylose, as well as other minor reducing sugars; a modified complex based on cellulose and xylan. The composition of the biomodified kraft pulp was determined by HPLC. The method for determining the crystallinity on an X-ray diffractometer was used to characterize the properties. The article shows the possibility of producing biomodified cellulose cryogels by amorphization with concentrated 85% H₃PO₄ followed by precipitation with water and supercritical drying. The analysis of the enzymatic hydrolysate composition revealed the predominance of glucose (55–67%) among the reducing sugars with a maximum content in the solution up to 6% after 72 h. The properties and structure of the modified kraft pulp were shown to change during biocatalysis; in particular, the crystallinity increased by 5% after 3 h of enzymatic hydrolysis. We obtained cryogels based on the initial and biomodified kraft pulp with conversion rates of 35, 50, and 70%. The properties of these cryogels are not inferior to those of cryogels based on industrial microcrystalline cellulose, as confirmed by the specific surface area, degree of swelling, porosity, and SEM images. Thus, kraft pulp enzymatic hydrolysis offers prospects not only for producing sugar-rich hydrolysates for microbiological synthesis, but also cellulose powders and cryogels with specified properties.

Sulfite and kraft pulping are two principal methods of industrial delignification of wood. In recent decades, those have been considered as possibilities to pretreat recalcitrant wood lignocellulosics for enzymatic hydrolysis of polysaccharides and subsequent fermentation of obtained sugars to valuable bioproducts. Current work compares chemistry and technological features of two different cooking processes in the preparation of polysaccharide substrates for deep sacchari-fication with P. verruculosum glycosyl hydrolases. Bleached kraft and sulfite pulps were subjected to hydrolysis with enzyme mixture of high xylanase, cellobiohydrolase and β-glucosidase activities at a dosage of 10 FPU/g of dry pulp and fiber concentration of 2.5, 5 and 10%. HPLC was used to analyze soluble sugars after hydrolysis and additional acid inversion of oligomers to monosaccharides. Kraft pulp demonstrated higher pulp conversion after 48 h (74-99%), mostly resulted from deep xylan hydrolysis. Sulfite-pulp hydrolysates, obtained in similar conditions, due to higher hexose concentration (more than 50 g/L), had higher fermentability for industrial strains producing alcohols, microbial protein or organic acids. Along with saccharification, enzymatic modification of non-hydrolysed residues occurred, which led to decreased degree of polymerization and composition changes in two industrial pulps. As a result, crystallinity of kraft pulp increased by 1.3%, which opens possibilities for obtaining new types of cellulosic products in pulp and paper industry. The high adaptability and controllability of enzymatic and fermentation processes creates prospects for the modernization of existing factories.

Известия высших учебных заведений «Лесной журнал» входит в список ВАК. Внешнее рецензирование, публикация для авпирантов бесплатная. «Лесной журнал» публикует научные статьи по всем отраслям лесного дела, сообщения о внедрении законченных исследований в производство, о передовом опыте в химико-лесном комплексе, информации о научной жизни высших учебных заведений, рекламные материалы и объявления. Предназначается для научных работников, аспирантов, инженеров химико-лесного комплекса, преподавателей вузов и техникумов, студентов старших курсов лесотехнических вузов.

Основным полуфабрикатом для производства бумаги для гофрирования (флютинга), используемой в композиции тарного картона, является полуцеллюлоза из лиственных пород древесины. Производство полуцеллюлозы базируется напредварительной химической и последующей механической переработке древесной щепы или однолетних растений. Технология производства полуцеллюлозы с использованием в качестве варочного реагента - зеленого щелока позволяет упростить процесс приготовления варочного раствора и сократить схему регенерации химикатов из отработанных щелоков. Однако сведения о технологических параметрах варки, качестве полуцеллюлозы представлены недостаточно полно, отсутствуют подробные данные об избирательности процесса делигнификации лиственных пород древесины, произрастающих в СЗФО, а также недостаточно информации о составе и свойствах отработанного щелока, влиянии породного сырья на свойства щелоков. Исследование выполнено с целью изучения свойств отработанного (оранжевого) щелока, а именно его плотности, полученного при варке лиственной полуцеллюлозы с различным соотношением зеленого и белого щелоков. Основываясь на результатах исследований свойств отработанного производственного щелока от варки лиственной полуцеллюлозы на смеси белого и зеленого щелоков: 1) не выявлено значительного влияния изменения соотношения зеленого и белого щелоков при варке лиственной полуцеллюлозы на плотность отработанного щелока в диапазоне температуры от 15 до 90 °С и концентрации сухих веществ от 5 до 10%; 2) разработана математическая модель - полином 1 степени, - достоверно характеризующая зависимость плотности отработанного щелока от концентрации и температуры для производства лиственной полуцеллюлозы с различным соотношением зеленого и белого щелоков: ρ = 0,992 + 0,0083 · х - 0,0003 · t - 0,000012 · х · t - 0,00000032 · t 2 - 0,0001158 · х 2. The main semi-finished product for the production of fluting is semi-cellulose from hardwood. Semi-cellulose production is based on preliminary chemical and subsequent mechanical processing of wood chips or annual plants. The technology for the production of semi-cellulose using green liquor makes it possible to simplify the process of preparing the cooking solution and the recovery of chemicals from waste liquors. This method is used abroad, in our country the method of cooking semi-cellulose with green liquor is currently carried out at one of the enterprises in Russia. However, at the moment, information on the technological parameters of cooking and the quality of semi-cellulose is not fully presented, there are no data on the selectivityof the delignification process (removal of lignin) of deciduous wood when cooking with green liquor, as well as information on the composition and properties of the spent liquor. The study was carried out with the aim of studying the properties of waste (orange) liquor, namely its density obtained by cooking hardwood semi-cellulose with different ratios of green and white liquors. Based on the results of studies of the properties of waste industrial liquor from hardwood semi-cellulose cooking on a mixture of white and green liquors: no significant effect of the ratio of green and white liquors during hardwood semi-cellulose cooking on the density of waste liquor in the temperature range from 15 to 90 °С and the concentration of dry substances from 5 to 10%; a mathematical model has been developed - a polynomial of the 1st degree, - reliably characterizing the dependence of the density of the spent liquor on concentration and temperature for the production of hardwood semi-cellulose with different ratios of green and white liquors ρ = 0,992 + 0,0083 · х - 0,0003 · t -- 0,000012 · х · t - 0,00000032 · t 2 - 0,0001158 · х 2.