In this study, based on the physical and mechanical parameters of Camellia oleifera, the mechanical model of Camellia oleifera was rebuilt and analysed to reveal the damage mechanism of fruit shell breakage. The results revealed that under the same conditions (e.g., axial loading form), the stress of the fruit uniformly diffused from the extrusion point to the periphery and depth, and the maximum equivalent stress was 9.4104 Mpa. While under radial loading, the stress of the fruit extended axially along the dorsal line of the tea seed, and the maximum equivalent stress was 6.9467 Mpa. The maximum stress under the two loading modes occurred at the joint between the middle column of the shell and the calyx. The increased loading displacement decreased the stress on the fruit, making it easier to break the shell of Camellia oleifera by radial extrusion. The results can serve as a reference for the development of different equipment to break the shell of the Camellia oleifera fruit.