Background and objective: Pulmonary sarcoidosis is a chronic respiratory disease with a growing global burden. This study systematically assessed the epidemiological trends, disease burden, and associated factors of pulmonary sarcoidosis in 204 countries from 1990 to 2021 to provide evidence for its prevention and control.Methods: Utilizing Global Burden of Disease 2021 data, we analyzed the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of pulmonary sarcoidosis, along with age-standardized rates (ASR), across regions, sexes, and age groups. The association between the disease burden and socio-demographic index (SDI) was also explored.Results: In 2021, global incidence cases reached 390,000, with 43.07 million prevalence cases, 1.88 million deaths and 40.42 million DALYs. Despite decreases in ASR since 1990, absolute numbers rose. In 2021, Andean Latin America had the highest rates of incidence, prevalence, mortality and DALY, while Eastern Europe had the lowest. Nationally, the burden of the disease in 2021 is particularly significant in countries such as Mauritius and Italy. And disease burden was higher in males and the elderly. In addition, the DALY rate for pulmonary nodular disease showed a non-linear relationship with the SDI, with actual and expected DALY rates differing in most regions and countries.Conclusion: Pulmonary sarcoidosis poses a growing burden globally, with marked regional, demographic, and socioeconomic disparities. Targeted interventions, including early screening, improved healthcare access, and pollution control, are essential to reduce this burden and promote health equity.

Background: With global aging, cancer burden rises. Kidney cancer is significantly influenced by high body mass index (BMI), especially in the elderly. This study analyzes the burden of kidney cancer attributable to high BMI in those aged ≥ 60, clarifying causes and future trends. Methods: Using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study, we assessed kidney cancer burden due to high BMI in population aged ≥ 60 from 1990 to 2021, comparing deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), age-standardized rate (ASR) of DALYs (ASDR), and mortality (ASMR). Stratified by Socio-Demographic Index (SDI), region, sex, and age, we evaluated spatiotemporal trends and inequalities. Finally, the Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort (BAPC) model predicted burden changes through 2040. Results: From 1990 to 2021, DALYs and deaths from high BMI-induced kidney cancer in those aged ≥ 60 increased by 165.82% and 186.39%, driven by population growth. In 2021, ASDR was 45.55/100,000 and ASMR 2.39/100,000. Regional differences were significant. DALYs and deaths expanded, especially in those aged ≥ 95. Males had higher burden than females. SDI correlated positively with ASDR and ASMR (r> 0, P< 0.05). Health inequalities continue to rise. By 2040, burden is projected to rise, especially in low-middle and low SDI regions, more in males. Conclusion: This study shows a significant increase in kidney cancer burden due to high BMI in those aged ≥ 60 over 32 years, driven by population growth. Disparities across regions, genders, and age groups highlight the need for targeted prevention and early intervention, especially for high-risk groups (males, elderly, low-middle SDI regions), to reduce burden and optimize healthcare resource allocation.