Balancing water supply demand is vital for sustaining livelihoods. Spatial mapping and calculating water yield dynamics due to land use changes over decades are needed to manage land resources and formulate ecological protection policies. This study mapped the supply, demand, and matching status of water product service using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Service and Tradeoff (InVEST) biophysical models in the Citarum Watershed (CW) in 2000, 2010, and 2020. Moreover, this study used Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques to study the agglomeration characteristics and evolutionary trajectories of supply–demand over two decades. The results showed that between 2000–2010 and 2010–2020, the water supply decreased by 19.01 × 10⁸ m³ (18.28%) and 12.97 × 10⁸ m³ (15.27%), respectively. However, the water demand in the same period increased by 6.17 × 10⁸ m³ (23%) and 15.74 × 10⁸ m³ (47%), respectively. Over the decades, the contribution of land use land cover (LULC) changes to variations in water supply has yielded values ranging from 2.87% to 6.37%. The analysis of the water supply–demand imbalance indicated that the entire CW experienced water shortage, and the type of spatial matching for supply and demand is dominated by a high supply and high demand class (16.09% of the total area). Based on the level of water deficit calculation, the upstream and downstream areas were identified as zones that require ecological conservation, while the middle CW area requires ecological restoration or ecological improvement.

The unprecedented growth of human-dominated landscapes has led to population decline and the extinction of many animal species. A major paradigm shift that perceived wildlife as problem animals into threatened species that need protection triggered human-wildlife conflict studies. Although human-wildlife conflict incidences can be found globally, they have unique characteristics in each region of the world. However, little is known about the characteristics of human-wildlife conflicts in Southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia. There is a need for a comprehensive insight into human-wildlife conflict studies in Indonesia to understand past advancements and propose future priorities. This study examined the literature that provides the overall view of the human-wildlife conflict patterns in the country. The results showed that there was a comparatively small number of studies because this field was a relatively new subject in Indonesia. Furthermore, there were big gaps regarding animal species and the geographic distribution of study sites. A total of 35 species belonging to eight taxonomic groups experienced conflicts with humans. However, the studies heavily focused on three groups of animals and certain areas of the country. The predominant conflict sites were secondary forest, agroforestry, and farmlands. The conflicts in these areas unveiled the significance of local beliefs and social norms for formulating mitigation strategies.

Seaweed aquaculture plays a vital role in the blue economy, contributing to economic growth, enhanced livelihoods, and providing ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling. However, the industry is hindered by several challenges, such as limited species diversity, technological gaps, and competition over marine space. This study aimed to assess the current state, challenges, and prospects of seaweed aquaculture, with a particular emphasis on Indonesia. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, focusing on the development of species diversity, cultivation technologies, and site suitability in Indonesia. The findings reveal that seaweed aquaculture in Indonesia is primarily dominated by species like Kappaphycus alvarezii, Gracilaria sp., and Euchema cottonii. This underscores the necessity for species diversification and the adoption of advanced cultivation technologies. Key areas identified for future research include the optimization of cultivation techniques, expansion of suitable farming areas, and the integration of digital technologies and genetic analysis to boost productivity and sustainability. In addition to technological advancements, socio-economic research on seaweed farming demonstrates its significant contribution to coastal community livelihoods, offering income opportunities and increased resilience. Furthermore, research on strategic planning, biosecurity, and supportive policy frameworks is crucial for the sustainable development of the seaweed aquaculture sector in Indonesia.

Exploring the drivers of changes in ecosystem services is crucial to maintain ecosystem functionality, especially in the diverse Central Citarum watershed. This study utilises the integrated valuation of ecosystem service and trade-offs (InVEST) model and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model to examine ecosystem services patterns from 2006 to 2018. The InVEST is a hydrological model to calculate water availability and evaluate benefits provided by nature through simulating alterations in the amount of water yields driven by land use/cover changes. Economic, topographic, climate, and vegetation factors are considered, with an emphasis on their essential components. The presence of a geographical link between dependent and explanatory variables was investigated using a multiscale geographic weighted regression model. The MGWR model is employed to analyse spatial impacts. The integration of both models simplified the process and enhanced its understanding. The findings reveal the following patterns: 1) decreasing land cover and increasing ecosystem services demand in the watershed, along with a decline in water yield, e.g. certain sub-districts encounter water scarcity, while others have abundant water resources; 2) the impact of natural factors on water yield shifts along vegetation > climate > topography (2006) changes to climate > vegetation > topography (2018).

The exponential growth of the human population in the last few decades has had an impact on the exponential increase of agricultural land. One of the consequences arising from the forest land conversions is the increasing number of conflicts between wildlife and humans. Although human-wildlife conflicts are also common in Indonesia, efforts to inventory and monitor the types of conflicts and their distribution are still limited. Mammals and birds are the only two groups of wildlife that are widely studied. This study tries to collect data on the incidences of human-water monitor interactions that are often reported by online news. The collection of news from online media (web scraping) is done automatically using the python package GoogleNews. The collected news articles were stored in a spreadsheet format and processed to obtain information on the location and type of conflict. The scraping process collected 1,838 news articles related to water monitors that represented 189 cases of human-water monitor conflicts. However, there were only 172 conflict cases that had detailed information of the location. The spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed a significant clustering pattern in the Jakarta Metropolitan area. The most common incident was water monitors coming into a house or neighborhood. The reports also uncovered that at least eight people lost their lives and seven water monitors were killed or sold. In addition, there were about 81 captured water monitors with uncertain or untraceable status. Commercially harvesting water monitors, particularly in highly urbanized cities, can be a reasonable solution for this problem.