The day-by-day advancement of extended reality and its subset technologies, along with effective hardware, is increasing their utilization in various sectors like education, training, sports, and healthcare. Healthcare is one domain of concern. Considering this, the main focus of this paper is on spine surgery. In orthopedic surgery, the main uses of virtual reality (VR) are for education, preoperative planning, and intraoperative use. Yet the training imparted still lags. Orthopedic training committees in North America and Europe have endorsed the use of virtual reality for educational purposes. Spinal surgery is one of the main focuses where virtual reality (VR) is applied. In the past, open techniques and instruments that could be seen in real time were used to perform spine surgery. Significant advancements in minimally invasive spine (MIS) surgery have been made. Virtual reality (VR) has been used in preoperative contexts for spine surgery. This paper delves into the applications of augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and mixed reality (MR) in spinal surgery, emphasizing their potential in education, training, and surgical settings. Specifically, we focus on procedures like pedicle screw placement, cervical spine, and deformity correction, where AR augments surgical precision and information accessibility. The primary objective is to provide a comprehensive framework for evaluating the clinical benefits of AR–VR-enabled spinal surgery technology and propose a viable business model catering to diverse stakeholders, including patients, hospitals, research centers, and technology adopters.

Many pirated digital movies by camcorder capture are found on the Internet or on the street market before their official release. During piracy of cinema footage, composite geometric distortions commonly occur due to the angle of the camcorder relative to the screen. There are various research has been done to utilize the geometric distortions that will be occur during piracy in theatre to estimate the position of pirate in theatre via watermarking scheme followed by LACF (local auto correlation function). This paper present the notion of Watermarking and the features required to design a watermarked video for piracy deterrence. We review several methods, and introduce frequently used key techniques. The aim of this paper is to focus on the watermarking technique that is good for piracy deterrence. The majority of the reviewed methods based on watermarking emphasize on the notion of secure spread spectrum way of watermarking followed by LACF for estimating the position of pirate.

For the long decay the cinema industries are suffering from camcorder piracy due to that every year cinema industries are losing billions of dollars. Most important cause of piracy is camcorder piracy, in which pirates record the movie during playback in theater. DCI (Digital cinema Initiative) given many rule and regulation to protect from piracy but still it is increasing, reason is there is no concrete technical solution exist. In this paper various techniques that can be opted in future for fighting against the piracy is taken. There are two types of solution exist for the overcoming the piracy problem one is through deterring the pirate and other is not to let it be captured through camera. Watermarking is one way to deter pirates and watermark can be embedded in frames or audio of videos. Modulations techniques can be used to generate flicker that cannot be detected by HVS but create noise in camcorder recorded videos.

Nowadays, IoT is impacting day-to-day lifestyles by making everything smart. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of every country. In the past, farmers used to examine soil, weather, and crops using traditional methods, but with the smart innovative sensors and the help of IoT, this type of work can be easily done without any human efforts. The IoT-based smart agriculture system can be operated from anywhere by using networking technologies. This paper presents a survey of IoT technologies and applications in the agriculture sector. The survey article presents different research works in this domain, including applications, tools, and technologies, as well as approaches implemented in the field of agriculture using IoT. Furthermore, it discusses the major obstacles and challenges faced in the field of agriculture. Lastly, open challenges have been presented to assist researchers with possible solutions.