Native goat breeds in China are highly valued for their distinctive flavor. This study integrated flavoromics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics to analyze the flavor compounds in the meat of Youzhou Dark (WY) and Local White (BY) goats. Ten 12-month-old castrated male WY and BY goats, five each, were selected for slaughter after undergoing the same feeding and management conditions. Longissimus dorsi muscle were collected from each group and subjected to flavoromics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics analyses. Flavoromics identified 228 volatile compounds, of which alcohols, ketones, and esters were the most prominent. Using multivariate statistical analysis and variable importance on projection (VIP) methods, 85 differential flavor compounds between WY and BY goats were identified. The key characteristic compounds, heptanal,1-octen-3-one,2,3-butanedione, 2-methyl-butanal, and 2-pentyl-furan, effectively distinguished between the volatile profiles of the two goat breeds. Untargeted metabolomics identified a total of 47 differential metabolites with significant differences between WY and BY goats. Differences in flavor compounds between the two goat breeds were linked to the expression of genes in metabolic pathways. The genes involved in tyrosine and phenylalanine metabolism were different in the two groups of goat meat. This variation may contribute to the differences in the sensory flavor profiles of WY and BY goats. Overall, these findings provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of flavor formation in native Chinese goats and offer a foundation for improving meat quality.

Although specific genes have been found to be associated with skin pigmentation, the global gene expression profile for the early stage of skin pigmentation and development in mammals is still not well understood. Here we reported a rare natural group of goat (Youzhou dark goat) featuring the dark skin of body including the visible mucous membranes, which may be an exclusive kind of large mammalian species with this special phenotype so far. In the present study, we characterized the 100-day-old fetal skin transcriptome in hyperpigmented (dark-skinned) and wild-type (white-skinned) goats using deep RNA-sequencing. A total of 923,013,870 raw reads from 6 libraries were obtained, and a large number of alternative splicing events were identified in the transcriptome of fetal skin, including the well-known melanogenic genes ASIP , TYRP1 , and DCT , which were differentially expressed in the skin between the dark-skinned and white-skinned goats. Further analysis demonstrated that differential genes including ASIP , TYRP1 , DCT , WNT2 , RAB27A , FZD4 , and CREB3L1 were significantly overrepresented in the melanogenesis pathway and several biological process associated with pigmentation. On the other hand, we identified 1616 novel transcripts in goat skin based on the characteristics of their expression level and gene composition. These novel transcripts may represent two distinct groups of nucleic acid molecules. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the characteristics of global gene expression at early stages of skin pigmentation and development, as well as describe an animal model for human diseases associated with pigmentation.