Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Çocukluk Çağı Ruhsal Travma Ölçeği'nin (CTQ) Türkçe uyarlamasının güvenilirlik ve geçerliliğini saptamaktır Gereç ve Yöntemler: CTQ çocukluk ve adölesans döneminde istismar ve ihmal yaşantılarını niceliksel olarak değerlendirmede yararlı olan, özbildirime dayalı bir araçtır. Ölçek, çocukluk çağı travmaları ile ilişkili olduğu bilinen dissosiyatif bozukluk hastalarına (n=24), bu hastaların birinci derece yakınlarına (n=50) ve bu aile bireyleri ile eşleştirilmiş klinik dışı kontrol grubuna (n=50) uygulanmıştır. Test-yeniden-test değerlendirmesi için ölçek ayrıca iki hafta ara ile klinik ve klinik dışı 48 kişiye uygulanmıştır. Karşılaştırma amacıyla tüm gruplara Çocukluk Çağı Kötüye Kullanım ve İhmal Soru Listesi (ÇÇKKİSL) ve Dissosiyatif Yaşantılar Ölçeği (DES) de verilmiştir. Bulgular: Dissosiyatif bozukluk hastaları [ortalama (ort)= 24,2;17-39], aile bireyleri (ort= 40,5;18-70) ve onlarla eşleştirilmiş olan klinik dışı kontrol grubuna göre daha gençtir (ort= 40,2; 20-70). Hasta grubunda kadınların oranı (%79,2) aile bireyleri (%54,0) ve klinik dışı gruba (%54,0) göre daha yüksektir. Ölçeğin iç tutarlılığı ve test-yeniden test güvenilirliği yüksek bulunmuştur. CTQ puanları, kademeli olarak birbirinden farklı travma öyküleri ÇÇKKİSL ile doğrulanan üç denek grubunu ayırabilmiştir. CTQ ve DES toplam puanları arasında anlamlı korelasyon vardır. CTQ maddelerinin katılımı ile yapılan faktör analizinde fiziksel ihmal dışındaki tüm travma türleri önceden bildirilen maddelerle uyumlu bulunmuştur. Bu denek grubunda fiziksel ihmalin en az bildirilen travma türü olmasının bulguları etkilediği düşünülmüş ve ayrıca dil ve kültür farkından etkilendiği anlaşılan az sayıda maddeye açıklık getiren küçük eklemeler yapılmıştır. Sonuç: Sonuç olarak, CTQ'nin Türkçe uyarlamasının geçerli ve güvenilir olduğu kanısına varılmıştır.

General psychiatric assessment instruments do not cover DSM-IV dissociative disorders. Many large-scale epidemiological studies led to biased results due to this deficit in their methodology. Nevertheless, screening studies using diagnostic tools designed to assess dissociative disorders yielded lifetime prevalence rates around 10% in clinical populations and in the community. Special populations such as psychiatric emergency ward applicants, drug addicts, and women in prostitution demonstrated the highest rates. Data derived from epidemiological studies also support clinical findings about the relationship between childhood adverse experiences and dissociative disorders. Thus, dissociative disorders constitute a hidden and neglected public health problem. Better and early recognition of dissociative disorders would increase awareness about childhood traumata in the community and support prevention of them alongside their clinical consequences.

The purpose of this study was to examine the dissociative disorder comorbidity of borderline personality disorder and its relation to childhood trauma reports in a nonclinical population. In April 2003, 1301 college students were screened for borderline personality disorder using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and Steinberg's dissociation questionnaires were also administered. During May and June 2003, 80 students with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder and 111 nonborderline students were evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders by an interviewer blind to the diagnosis and scores obtained during the first phase. The prevalence of borderline personality disorder was 8.5%. A significant majority (72.5%; 58/80) of the borderline personality disorder group had a dissociative disorder, whereas this rate was only 18.0% (20/111) for the comparison group (p < .001). Childhood emotional and sexual abuse, physical neglect, and total childhood trauma scores had significant effect for borderline personality disorder (p < .001, p = .038, p = .044, and p = .003, respectively), whereas emotional neglect and diminished minimization of childhood trauma had significant effect for dissociative disorder (p = .020 and p = .007, respectively). A significant proportion of subjects with borderline personality disorder have a comorbid dissociative disorder. Lack of interaction between dissociative disorder and borderline personality disorder diagnoses for any type of childhood trauma contradicts the opinion that both disorders together might be a single disorder. Recognizing highly prevalent but usually neglected Axis I dissociative disorder comorbidity in patients with borderline personality disorder may contribute to conceptual clarification of this spectrum of psychopathology.

Background: This study is concerned with relationships between childhood trauma history, dissociative experiences, and the clinical phenomenology of chronic schizophrenia. Sampling and Methods: Seventy patients with a schizophrenic disorder were evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, Dissociative Experiences Scale, Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule, Positive and Negative Symptoms Scales, and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Results: Childhood trauma scores were correlated with dissociation scale scores and dissociative symptom clusters, but not with core symptoms of the schizophrenic disorder. Cluster analysis identified a subgroup of patients with high dissociation and childhood trauma history. The dissociative subgroup was characterized by higher numbers of general psychiatric comorbidities, secondary features of dissociative identity disorder, Schneiderian symptoms, somatic complaints, and extrasensory perceptions. A significant majority of the dissociative subgroup fit the diagnostic criteria of DSM-IV borderline personality disorder concurrently. Among childhood trauma types, only physical abuse and physical neglect predicted dissociation. Conclusions: A trauma-related dissociative subtype of schizophrenia is supported. Childhood trauma is related to concurrent dissociation among patients with schizophrenic disorder. A duality model based on the interaction of 2 qualitatively distinct psychopathologies and a dimensional approach are proposed as possible explanations for the complex relationship between these 2 psychopathologies and childhood trauma.

This study was concerned with a culture-sensitive revision of the Turkish version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28) and expansion of the instrument through integration of a dimension assessing overprotection – overcontrol (OP-OC). Participants (n = 783) were 37 dissociative and 78 non-dissociative and non-psychotic psychiatric outpatients, and 668 non-clinical people. They completed the revised and expanded version of the CTQ, Dissociative Experiences Scale, Beck Depression Scale, and Relationship Scales Questionnaire. A test-retest assessment was conducted on 25 non-clinical individuals. Among twenty-one alternative and the twenty-five original statements, the items of subsections were selected by correlations between item and item deleted total scores for each subset of original and alternative statements. The 33-item final version (CTQ-33) included five statements for each subsection including OP-OC and three denial items. The principal component analysis on items of the CTQ-33 with a varimax rotation yielded six factors including OP-OC. The inner consistency and the test-retest reliability were good. OP-OC correlated particularly with emotional abuse and neglect, and other types of trauma. There were significant correlations between CTQ-33 and depression, dissociation, and fearful attachment scores. The CTQ-33 differentiated psychiatric from non-clinical groups. The Turkish CTQ-33 is a reliable and valid instrument. OP-OC by caregivers may be as traumatic as other types of childhood adversities. Cross-cultural research would illuminate the significance of OP-OC beyond Turkish culture. The possibility of intergenerational transmission of trauma through OP-OC by fearful parents in and after times of cultural upheaval and political oppression should be considered for future research.