Climate Change (CC) imposes important global health risks, including on mental health (MH). They are related mostly to psychological suffering caused by climate-related events and to the heat-vulnerability caused by psychiatric disorders. This growing burden may press MH services worldwide, increasing demand on public and private systems in low-, middle-, and high-income countries. According to PRISMA, two independent reviewers searched four databases for papers published before May 2022 that associated climate-related events with healthcare demand for psychiatric conditions. Of the 7432 papers retrieved, we included 105. Only 29 were carried out in low- and middle-income countries. Twelve related the admission numbers to (i) extreme events, while 93 to (ii) meteorological factors—mostly heat. Emergency visits and hospitalizations were significantly higher during hot periods for MH disorders, especially until lag 5–7. Extreme events also caused more consultations. Suicide (completed or attempted), substance misuse, schizophrenia, mood, organic and neurotic disorders, and mortality were strongly affected by CC. This high healthcare demand is evidence of the burden patients may undergo. In addition, public and private services may face a shortage of financial and human resources. Finally, the increased use of healthcare facilities, in turn, intensifies greenhouse gas emissions, representing a self-enforcing cycle for CC. Further research is needed to better clarify how extreme events affect MH services and, in addition, if services in low- and middle-income countries are more intensely demanded by CC, as compared to richer countries.

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is a severe clinical condition, among others, affecting the brain after offspring exposure to neonatal anoxia, which causes persistent sensorimotor and cognitive deficits. During peripartum, maternal behaviors are crucial for the healthy development of the offspring. In rats, the vocalization of newborns, around 40 kHz, corresponds to separation calls that encourage their mothers to retrieve them. Alterations in this pattern affect the maternal behavior addressed to the offspring. This study aimed to evaluate the maternal behavior of primiparous rats whose offspring were exposed to neonatal anoxia in P2 (postpartum day) during the lactation period, to assess mother-pup interactions through the pups’ vocalization from P3 to P18. It also intends to quantify eventual neuronal alterations in the mothers’ medial preoptic area after the last weaning (P21) through FOS protein expression. Anoxia offspring were found to reduce maternal behaviors toward them, increased frequency of separation calls in the male anoxia group, and reduced vocalization rate in the female anoxia group compared to their respective controls. Body weight gain reduction of males’ and females’ anoxia was observed. We concluded that anoxia exerts deleterious effects on the vocalization patterns of the pups, with sex differences that alter maternal behavior toward them. Impaired USV makes an additional negative impact on the already noxious effects of neonatal anoxia. Understanding those phenomena applies/contributes to guiding procedures and strategies to mitigate the deleterious outcomes and orient research concerning the complexity of neonatal anoxia events and the influence of maternal care quality concerning the pups, which should also be considered sex differences.