Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), a vasoproliferative vitreoretinal disorder, is the leading cause of childhood blindness worldwide. Although angiogenic pathways have been the main focus, cytokine-mediated inflammation is also involved in ROP etiology. Herein, we illustrate the characteristics and actions of all cytokines involved in ROP pathogenesis. The two-phase (vaso-obliteration followed by vasoproliferation) theory outlines the evaluation of cytokines in a time-dependent manner. Levels of cytokines may even differ between the blood and the vitreous. Data from animal models of oxygen-induced retinopathy are also valuable. Although conventional cryotherapy and laser photocoagulation are well established and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents are available, less destructive novel therapeutics that can precisely target the signaling pathways are required. Linking the cytokines involved in ROP to other maternal and neonatal diseases and conditions provides insights into the management of ROP. Suppressing disordered retinal angiogenesis via the modulation of hypoxia-inducible factor, supplementation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1/IGF-binding protein 3 complex, erythropoietin, and its derivatives, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and inhibition of secretogranin III have attracted the attention of researchers. Recently, gut microbiota modulation, non-coding RNAs, and gene therapies have shown promise in regulating ROP. These emerging therapeutics can be used to treat preterm infants with ROP.

Rationale: Stevens–Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis can lead to severe ocular damage and long-term vision complications. Our self-made sutureless amniotic membrane dressing (AMD) ring leverages the anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties of the amniotic membrane (AM), promoting healing, reducing scarring, and enhancing patient comfort. Patient Concerns: Five consecutive patients (3 females, 2 males; aged from 18 to 53 years) with acute SJS/TEN were at immediate risk of significant ocular surface damage, including corneal and conjunctival epithelial defects and eyelid margin erosions, which can progress to chronic dry eye, scarring, or permanent vision loss without timely intervention. Diagnoses: All patients were diagnosed with SJS/TEN based on their clinical presentations, including acute onset of mucocutaneous eruptions and extensive epidermal detachment, and comprehensive histories, confirmed by a dermatologist. Ocular involvement was assessed through detailed ophthalmologic examination and classified using the Sotozono grading system. Interventions: A self-made AMD ring, inspired by commercially available products such as Prokera, was used to cover the ocular surface. Constructed from readily available materials, this ring provides therapeutic benefits similar to Prokera without the need for suturing. Outcomes: High epithelial healing rates and stable follow-up visual acuity underscore this technique’s potential efficacy in selected SJS/TEN cases with severe ocular involvement. Lessons: Early and accessible interventions are essential for managing SJS/TEN-related ocular complications. The self-made AMD ring is a cost-effective and minimally invasive option that shows potential as an alternative to commercial AM devices, particularly in settings where availability or affordability is limited. Further research with larger cohorts is warranted to confirm its efficacy.