In contemporary healthcare, the prediction and identification of cardiac diseases is crucial. By leveraging the capabilities of Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled devices and Electronic Health Records (EHRs), the healthcare sector can largely benefit to improve patient outcomes by increasing the accuracy of disease prediction. However, protecting data privacy is essential to promote participation and adhere to rules. The suggested methodology combines EHRs with IoT-generated health data to predict heart disease. For its capacity to manage high-dimensional data and choose pertinent features, a soft-margin L1-regularised Support Vector Machine (sSVM) classifier is used. The large-scale sSVM problem is successfully solved using the cluster primal–dual splitting algorithm, which improves computational complexity and scalability. The integration of federated learning provides a cooperative predictive analytics methodology that upholds data privacy. The use of a federated learning framework in this study, with a focus on peer-to-peer applications, is crucial for enabling collaborative predictive modeling while protecting the confidentiality of each participant’s private medical information.

The wide use of internet-enabled devices has not left the healthcare sector untouched. The health status of each individual is being monitored irrespective of his/her medical conditions. The advent of such medical devices is beneficial not only for patients but also for physicians, hospitals, and insurance companies. It makes healthcare fast, reliable, and hassle-free. People can keep an eye on their blood pressure, pulse rate, etc., and thus take preventive measures on their own. In hospitals, too, the Internet of Things (IoT) is being deployed for various tasks such as monitoring oxygen and blood sugar levels, electrocardiograms (ECGs), etc. The IoT in healthcare also reduces the cost of various ailments through fast and rigorous data analysis. The prediction of diseases through machine-learning techniques based on symptoms has become a promising concept. There may also be a situation where real-time analysis is required. In such a latency-sensitive situation, fog computing plays a vital role. Establishing communication every time with the cloud is not required with the introduction of fog and thus the latency is reduced. Healthcare is a latency-sensitive application area. So, the deployment of fog computing in this area is of vital importance. Our work focuses on improving the efficiency of the system for the precise diagnosis of and recommendations for heart disease. It evaluates the system using a machine-learning module.

The emergence of federated learning (FL) technique in fog-enabled healthcare system has leveraged enhanced privacy towards safeguarding sensitive patient information over heterogeneous computing platforms. In this paper, we introduce the FedHealthFog framework, which was meticulously developed to overcome the difficulties of distributed learning in resource-constrained IoT-enabled healthcare systems, particularly those sensitive to delays and energy efficiency. Conventional federated learning approaches face challenges stemming from substantial compute requirements and significant communication costs. This is primarily due to their reliance on a singular server for the aggregation of global data, which results in inefficient training models. We present a transformational approach to address these problems by elevating strategically placed fog nodes to the position of local aggregators within the federated learning architecture. A sophisticated greedy heuristic technique is used to optimize the choice of a fog node as the global aggregator in each communication cycle between edge devices and the cloud. The FedHealthFog system notably accounts for drop in communication latency of 87.01%, 26.90%, and 71.74%, and energy consumption of 57.98%, 34.36%, and 35.37% respectively, for three benchmark algorithms analyzed in this study. The effectiveness of FedHealthFog is strongly supported by outcomes of our experiments compared to cutting-edge alternatives while simultaneously reducing number of global aggregation cycles. These findings highlight FedHealthFog's potential to transform federated learning in resource-constrained IoT environments for delay-sensitive applications.

The prevalence of heart disease has remained a major cause of mortalities across the world and has been challenging for healthcare providers to detect early symptoms of cardiac patients. To this end, several conventional machine learning models have gained popularity in providing precise prediction of heart diseases by taking into account the underlying conditions of patients. The drawbacks associated with these methods are a lack of generalization and the convergence rate of these methods being much slower. As the healthcare data associated with these systems scale up leading to healthcare big data issues, a Cloud-Fog computing-based paradigm is necessary to facilitate low-latency and energy-efficient computation of the healthcare data. In this paper, a DeepMist framework is suggested which exploits Deep Learning models operating over Mist Computing infrastructure to leverage fast predictive convergence, low-latency, and energy efficiency for smart healthcare systems. We exploit the Deep Q Network (DQN) algorithm for building the prediction model for identifying heart diseases over the Mist computing layer. Different performance evaluation metrics, like precision, recall, f-measure, accuracy, energy consumption, and delay, are used to assess the proposed DeepMist framework. It provided an overall prediction accuracy of 97.6714 % and loss value of 0.3841, along with energy consumption and delay of 32.1002 mJ and 2.8002 ms respectively. To validate the efficacy of DeepMist, we compare its outcomes over the heart disease dataset in convergence with other benchmark models like Q-Reinforcement Learning (QRL) and Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithms and observe that the proposed scheme outperforms all others.