The evaluation of plants occurring naturally at contaminated environments are essential for applying this species in remediation techniques. In this context, the Sagittaria montevidensis with potential for phytoremediation was studied at an anthropogenic polluted stream in southern Brazil. The nutrients and heavy metal content were determined in the phytomass. The phytoremediation indexes were evaluated such as bioconcentration factor (BCF), translocation factor (TF), plant effective number (PEN), and potential phytoremoval (mg m⁻²). The S. montevidensis was then detected as presenting natural phytoextraction ability for potassium and calcium elements and also demonstrated rhizofiltration potential for phosphorus, manganese, aluminum, vanadium, sulfur, iron, arsenic, copper, magnesium, zinc, sodium, lead, cadmium, nickel, chromium, considering its ability of bioaccumulating these contaminants and retain high levels in the roots. The highest potential for bioremoval (mg m⁻²) of the S. montevidensis was detected for potassium and calcium (recommending thus the use for phytoextraction) and for aluminum, phosphorus, iron, magnesium, sulfur, and sodium, along with heavy metals (recommended for rhizofiltration). The S. montevidensis decontamination ability, along with its biomass production and its adaptability represents a great advance in order to the recovery of this degraded area and possible application in other contaminated watercourses in Brazil.

Lead (Pb) contamination poses significant ecological and health risks due to its persistence and toxicity. Bacterial-assisted phytoremediation has emerged as a promising, eco-friendly strategy for Pb removal. This review focuses on the integration of bacteria in phytoremediation, exploring the mechanisms and factors that influence the effectiveness of this process. Case studies demonstrate that bacterial inoculation can increase Pb accumulation in plant tissues, enhance biomass growth, and reduce Pb contamination. Finally, challenges related to field applications, microorganism tolerance, and environmental variability are discussed. This review provides valuable insights into improving phytoremediation efficiency, thus contributing to the remediation of Pb-contaminated environments.