With the development and progress of society, people’s average life expectancy has increased, and relevant literature reports that the number of postmenopausal women in China continues to increase. With lifespans extended, the transition period and post-menopause period have become the longest essential period in every woman’s life. The life quality of women troubled by perimenopausal syndrome has been significantly reduced, which also places a burden on families and society. It is well known that hormone replacement therapy plays a vital role in improving women’s menopause-related symptoms and is the most effective medical measure. With research ongoing into the treatment of menopausal symptoms in different patients, dose size, treatment duration, and medication regimens for hormones are still hot topics of discussion. This article reviews the definition, clinical diagnosis, staging, clinical manifestations, and treatment of menopause and explores the current diagnosis and treatment scenarios of perimenopausal syndrome.

Background: Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is the most common and lethal malignancy worldwide. Syncytin-1 is expressed in multiple types of cancer. However, the expression ­pattern and potential mechanism of syncytin-1 and its clinical significance in EC remain unclear. Materials and methods: We analyzed 130 primary EC specimens from Binzhou Medical University to investigate the clinical role of syncytin-1 in EC by using different advanced pathological stages of EC tissues. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to measure the overall survival of EC patients. Syncytin-1 expression was analyzed by Western blot assays in HECCL-1 and RL-95-2 cells. Cell proliferation, cycle, migration, and invasion abilities were detected by cell counting kit-8, flow cytometry, and transwell assays. AKT and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes were assessed by Western blot assays in HECCL-1 and RL-95-2 cells. Results: Syncytin-1 was upregulated in EC tissues and cells and was related to clinical stages, expression of ER, Ki-67, and overall survival of EC. Functional research revealed that overexpression of syncytin-1 can promote cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and the migration and invasion of EC cells. Suppression of syncytin-1 expression also inhibited cell proliferation and apoptosis in vitro. The expression of syncytin-1 substantially improved the expression levels of EMT-related genes (vimentin, E-cadherin, slug, and ZEB1) but significantly decreased those of epithelial markers (N-cadherin and snail). In addition, we found that syncytin-1 was not correlated with AKT-related genes (total-AKT, p-AKT, and vinculin).
Conclusion: Our results suggested that syncytin-1 may promote aggressive behavior and can serve as a novel prognostic biomarker for EC. Our study provides new insights into the regulatory mechanism of EMT signaling.

Mesonephric-like adenocarcinoma is a new class of rare subtypes of the female reproductive system. Its clinical symptoms are similar to other types of ovarian tumors. The diagnosis is based on pathological and immunohistochemical methods. The main treatment option is surgery combined with chemotherapy. Few cases have been reported at home and abroad. We reported a case of a 45-year-old woman with a cystic solid mass in the left adnexa. The postoperative pathological diagnosis was mesonephric-like adenocarcinoma of the left ovary and mature cystic teratoma (partial infiltration of the small intestine). This case had no specific clinical symptoms. Immunohistochemical findings showed positive results of GATA3, TTF1, CD10, ER, and PR. Paclitaxel and carboplatin chemotherapy were given after the operation. Currently, no specific criteria are available for diagnosis and treatment of the disease. This article aims to improve the understanding of clinicians in this disease and create a basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Cognitive disorders and psychiatric pathologies, particularly Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Major depressive disorder (MDD), represent a considerable health burden, impacting millions of people in the United States and worldwide. Notably, comorbidities of MDD and anxiety are prevalent in the early stages of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which is the preceding phase of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia (ADRD). The symptoms of MDD and anxiety affect up to 80% of individuals in the advanced stages of the neurodegenerative conditions. Despite overlapping clinical manifestations, the pathogenesis of AD/ADRD and MDD remains inadequately elucidated. Until now, dozens of drugs for treating AD/ADRD have failed in clinical trials because they have not proven beneficial in reversing or preventing the progression of these neuropsychiatric indications. This underscores the need to identify new drug targets that could reverse neuropsychiatric symptoms and delay the progress of AD/ADRD. In this context, phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) arises as a primary enzyme in the modulation of cognition and mood disorders, particularly through its enzymatic action on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and its downstream anti-inflammatory pathways. Despite the considerable cognitive and antidepressant potential of PDE4 inhibitors, their translation into clinical practice is hampered by profound side effects. Recent studies have focused on the effects of PDE4 and its subtype-selective isoform inhibitors, aiming to delineate their precise mechanistic contributions to neuropsychiatric symptoms with greater specificity. This review aims to analyze the current advances regarding PDE4 inhibition—specifically the selective targeting of its isoforms and elucidate the therapeutic implications of enhanced cAMP signaling and the consequent anti-inflammatory responses in ameliorating the symptomatology associated with AD and ADRD.