We tested an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy to control European foulbrood (EFB) in honey bees. Colonies affected by EFB were assigned to two homogenous groups: an oxytetracycline-treated group (1.5 g OTC/hive) that underwent partial shook swarm (PSS) in combination with queen caging (QC) and an untreated group where only two beekeeping techniques, PSS and QC, were applied. The consumption of sucrose solution, the strength of the colonies, side effects of the mentioned techniques, clinical as well as subclinical relapses of EFB, and the amount of OTC residues in the honey were assessed over a 7-month-long monitoring period. Regarding the consumption of the sucrose solution, there was no significant difference between the OTC-treated and untreated groups. The strength of the untreated colonies was consistently but not significantly higher than those treated with OTC. PSS combined with QC resulted in various side effects in both groups: queen loss (52%), absconding (8%), and drone-laying queen (4%). Untreated colonies (16.7%) showed clinical EFB relapses 4 months after the application of PSS along with QC, while 15.4% of the OTC-treated colonies were confirmed EFB-positive by PCR. OTC residues were detected in the honey yielded in the cases of both groups. Two months after the PSS, the amount of OTC residues in the untreated group was 0.6 ± 0.2 µg/kg, while that in the OTC-treated group amounted to 5.8 ± 11.6 µg/kg; both results are below the maximum residue limit (MRL) of 100 ppb considered in the EU for cascade use.

American foulbrood (AFB) and European foulbrood (EFB) are the two most important bacterial diseases that affect honey bee brood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an integrated treatment of AFB and EFB in naturally infected colonies in spring, using the beekeeping technique partial shook swarm combined with oxytetracycline treatment. The following parameters were assessed: strength of the colonies, consumption of antibiotic solution, queen losses, honey production and relapses. An increase in strength was observed in both (AFB and EFB) groups. Mean syrup consumption in the AFB colonies was 444.2 mL, while in the EFB colonies it was 497.3 mL. Linear correlation between the strength of the colonies and consumption (p-values < 0.0001; R² = 0.448) was observed. Three queens out of thirty (10%) were lost during the shook swarm procedure: one in the AFB group (5.3%) and two in the EFB group (18.2%). The results highlighted four clinical relapses (22.2%) of AFB, and no relapse (0%) of EFB after two years of observation. Six colonies (four in the AFB group and two in the EFB group) produced honey in the same beekeeping season that the shook swarm and antibiotic treatment were performed. Partial shook swarm is a good alternative to colony destruction, especially for EFB, and provides productive colonies during the foraging season.