The productivity of vegetable crops is constrained by insect pests. The search for alternative insect pest control is becoming increasingly important and is including the use of plant-derived pesticides. Plant-derived pesticides are reported as effective in controlling various insect pests through natural mechanisms, with biodegradable organic materials, diverse bioactivity, and low toxicity to non-target organisms. An antifeedant approach for insect control in crop management has been comprehensively studied by many researchers, though it has only been restricted to plant-based compounds and to the laboratory level at least. Nano-delivery formulations of biopesticides offer a wide variety of benefits, including increased effectiveness and efficiency (well-dispersion, wettability, and target delivery) with the improved properties of the antifeedant. This review paper evaluates the role of the nano-delivery system in antifeedant obtained from various plant extracts. The evaluation includes the research progress of antifeedant-based nano-delivery systems and the bioactivity performances of different types of nano-carrier formulations against various insect pests. An antifeedant nano-delivery system can increase their bioactivities, such as increasing sublethal bioactivity or reducing toxicity levels in both crude extracts/essential oils (EOs) and pure compounds. However, the plant-based antifeedant requires nanotechnological development to improve the nano-delivery systems regarding properties related to the bioactive functionality and the target site of insect pests. It is highlighted that the formulation of plant extracts creates a forthcoming insight for a field-scale application of this nano-delivery antifeedant due to the possible economic production process.

Synthetic insecticides frequently cause pest resistance and destroy non-target organisms. Thus, virus formulation is an issue that deserves considerable attention in developing virus-based insecticides. The hindrance of using nucleopolyhedrovirus alone as a virus-based insecticide is due to slow lethal time, though its mortality remains high (100%). This paper reports the formulation of zeolite nanoparticles as a delivery system to accelerate lethal time in controlling Spodoptera litura (Fabr.). Zeolite nanoparticles were prepared using the beads-milling method. The statistical analysis was carried out by a description exploration method with six replications. The occlusion bodies’ concentration in the virus formulation was 4 × 10⁷ OBs in 1 mL medium. Zeolite nanoparticles formulation sped up the lethal time significantly (7.67 days) compared to micro-size zeolite (12.70 days) and only nucleopolyhedrovirus (8.12 days) and received acceptable mortality (86.4%). The zeolite nanoparticles delivery system provides an alternative formulation for nucleopolyhedrovirus with a significantly improved speed of killing the virus while maintaining suitable efficacy of the virus preparation in terms of the prevalence of mortality.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease with metabolism disorder signed by increasing of glucose blood (hyperglicemia), caused by disorder of insulin secretion and or increasing of insulin resistance. Therapy of jengkol’s fruit peel is an alternative treatment for DM. This study aims to determine the effect of ethanol extract of jengkol’s fruit peel to decrease glucose and increase insulin level of Wistar female rats which induced by streptozotocin (STZ). This research used the experimental method of Completely Randomized Design (RAL). Rat were first induced by single intravenous injection of STZ except Negative Control. Furthermore, rats were divided into six groups, namely Negative Control (NC), Positive Control (PC), Reference Group (RG) glibenclamide 10 mg/kg BW, and ethanol extract of jengkol’s fruit peel (EEOJFP) treatment at dose of 385 (P1), 770 (P2), and 1540 (P3) mg/kg BW with four replications each. Treatment was administered orally for 14 days. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANAVA) with 95% confidence level and Duncan Multiple Range Test. The result showed that treatment of EEOJFP with dose of 385, 770 and 1540 mg/ kgBW decreased blood glucose 28.6%;65.4% and 59.1% successively, increased insulin as 54%; 230% and 206%. There was a protective effect of EEOJEF to level of blood glucose and insulin secretion of rat-STZ induced. The conclusion from this research is Ethanol extract of Jengkol’s fruit peel at dose 770 mg/kg BW is an effective dose in decreasing the level of glucose and increasing the level of insulin hormone in STZinduced diabetic rats.

Malini DM, Madihah, Kamilawati F, Ratningsih N, Alipin K, Iskandar J. 2017. Topical treatment of ointment containing ethanol extract of Archidendron pauciflorum fruit peel on the wound healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Nusantara Bioscience 9: 306-311. Diabetic wounds lead to severe tissue damage and are difficult to cure. One alternative medicine known well by local Indonesian communities to treat diabetic wounds is the fruit peel of djengkol. This study aimed to evaluate the ointment containing ethanol extract of djengkol fruit peel to accelerate wound healing process in the skin of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. The method was experimental using completely randomized design with six treatments and four replications. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin 180 mg/kg BW. Mice with blood glucose level ≥150 mg/dL were used for diabetic mice models. The incision wound created at dorsolateral region of shaven skin at ±1 cm2 using sterile scissors. The ointment containing extract was applied topically to the diabetic mice wounds at concentration of 5%, 10% and 15%, as well as Betadine® as the reference group. The ointment basis was applied to the wound of diabetic mice as a positive control and to the wound of non-diabetic mice as a negative control. The treatment was done twice a day for 14 days. The results showed that topical application of ointment containing ethanol extract of djengkol fruit peel at concentration of 10% gave significant recovery (p<0.05) on the wounded skin by the enhancement of re-epithelization and granulation tissue, as well as the increase of capillary number and collagen density which were higher than other treatments and comparable to negative control group. It was concluded that the topical application of ointment containing ethanol extract of djengkol fruit peel can support the healing of diabetic wounds.

Diabetes mellitus merupakan penyakit kelainan metabolisme glukosa akibat defisiensi atau penurunan efektivitas insulin. Kondisi ini memicu terjadinya hiperlipidemia yang ditandai dengan kadar low density lipoprotein (LDL) yang tinggi dan high density lipoprotein (HDL) rendah serta meningkatkan risiko terkena penyakit jantung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas nanopartikel poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) atau PLGA-ekstrak etanol kulit buah jengkol (EEKBJ) dalam memperbaiki profil kolesterol dan kerusakan struktur histologis jantung tikus (Rattus Norvegicus) Wistar model diabetes. Tikus yang digunakan sebanyak 30 ekor yang dibagi menjadi enam kelompok yaitu satu kelompok normal dan lima kelompok diabetes. Induksi model tikus diabetes dilakukan dengan injeksi intravena streptozotocin (STZ) dosis 65 mg/kg BB. Perlakuan yang diberikan adalah KN (Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) 0,5%), kontrol positif (KP) (STZ+CMC 0,5%), pembanding (Pb) (STZ+Glibenklamid dosis 10 mg/kg BB), P1 (STZ+EEKBJ 770 mg/kg BB), P2 (STZ+EEKBJ 110 mg/kg BB), dan P3 (STZ+nanopartikel PLGA-EEKBJ 110 mg/kg BB) selama 14 hari berturut-turut. Parameter yang diamati adalah kadar kolesterol HDL dan LDL, jumlah sel nekrosis, dan derajat kerusakan pada sel miokardium (degenerasi hidropik, degenerasi lemak, dan infiltrasi sel radang). Uji analisis statistika menggunakan sidik ragam, dilanjutkan dengan uji Kruskal Wallis dan uji jarak berganda Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian nanopartikel PLGA-EEKBJ menurunkan kadar LDL, jumlah sel nekrosis, derajat kerusakan histologis dan meningkatkan kadar kolesterol HDL secara signifikan (p>0,05), Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah nanopartikel PLGA-EEKBJ dosis 110 mg/kg BB efektif memperbaiki profil kolesterol dan struktur histologis jantung tikus model diabetes.