Dental implant therapy is a well-accepted treatment modality. Despite good predictability and success in the early stages, the risk of postplacement inflammation in the long-term periods remains an urgent problem. Surgical access and decontamination with chemical and mechanical methods are more effective than antibiotic therapy. The search for the optimal and predictable way for peri-implantitis treatment remains relevant. Here, we evaluated four cleaning methods for their ability to preserve the implant’s surface for adequate mesenchymal stem cell adhesion and differentiation. Implants isolated after peri-implantitis were subjected to cleaning with diamond bur; Ti-Ni alloy brush, air-flow, or Er,Cr:YSGG laser and cocultured with mice MSC for five weeks. Dental bur and titanium brushes destroyed the implants’ surfaces and prevented MSC attachment. Air-flow and laser minimally affected the dental implant surface microroughness, which was initially designed for good cell adhesion and bone remodeling and to provide full microbial decontamination. Anodized with titanium dioxide and sandblasted with aluminum oxide, acid-etched implants appeared to be better for laser treatment. In implants sandblasted with aluminum oxide, an acid-etched surface better preserves its topology when treated with the air-flow. These cleaning methods minimally affect the implant’s surface, so it maintains the capability to absorb osteogenic cells for further division and differentiation.

One of the promising novel methods for radical tumor resection at a single-cell level is magneto-mechanical microsurgery (MMM) with magnetic nano- or microdisks modified with cancer-recognizing molecules. A low-frequency alternating magnetic field (AMF) remotely drives and controls the procedure. Here, we present characterization and application of magnetic nanodisks (MNDs) as a surgical instrument (“smart nanoscalpel”) at a single-cell level. MNDs with a quasi-dipole three-layer structure (Au/Ni/Au) and DNA aptamer AS42 (AS42-MNDs) on the surface converted magnetic moment into mechanical and destroyed tumor cells. The effectiveness of MMM was analyzed on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells in vitro and in vivo using sine and square-shaped AMF with frequencies from 1 to 50 Hz with 0.1 to 1 duty-cycle parameters. MMM with the “Nanoscalpel” in a sine-shaped 20 Hz AMF, a rectangular-shaped 10 Hz AMF, and a 0.5 duty cycle was the most effective. A sine-shaped field caused apoptosis, whereas a rectangular-shaped field caused necrosis. Four sessions of MMM with AS42-MNDs significantly reduced the number of cells in the tumor. In contrast, ascites tumors continued to grow in groups of mice and mice treated with MNDs with nonspecific oligonucleotide NO-MND. Thus, applying a “smart nanoscalpel” is practical for the microsurgery of malignant neoplasms.

Background: Oncological diseases are a major focus in medicine, with millions diagnosed each year, leading researchers to seek new diagnostic and treatment methods. One promising avenue is the development of targeted therapies and rapid diagnostic tests using recognition molecules. The pharmaceutical industry is increasingly exploring nucleic acid-based therapeutics. However, producing long oligonucleotides, especially aptamers, poses significant production challenges. Objectives: This study aims to demonstrate the efficacy of using molecular modeling, supported by experimental procedures, for altering aptamer nucleotide sequences while maintaining their binding capabilities. The focus is on reducing production costs and enhancing binding dynamics by removing nonfunctional regions and minimizing nonspecific binding. Methods: A molecular modeling approach was employed to elucidate the structure of a DNA aptamer, Gli-55, facilitating the truncation of nonessential regions in the Gli-55 aptamer, which selectively binds to glioblastoma (GBM). This process aimed to produce a truncated aptamer, Gli-35, capable of forming similar structural elements to the original sequence with reduced nonspecific binding. The efficiency of the truncation was proved by flow cytometry, fluorescence polarization (FP), and confocal microscopy. Results: The molecular design indicated that the new truncated Gli-35 aptamer retained the structural integrity of Gli-55. In vitro studies showed that Gli-35 had a binding affinity comparable to the initial long aptamer while the selectivity increased. Gli-35 internalized inside the cell faster than Gli-55 and crossed the blood–brain barrier (BBB), as demonstrated in an in vitro model. Conclusions: The success of this truncation approach suggests its potential applicability in scenarios where molecular target information is limited. The study highlights a strategic and resource-efficient methodology for aptamer development. By employing molecular modeling and truncation, researchers can reduce production costs and avoid trial and error in sequence selection. This approach is promising for enhancing the efficiency of therapeutic agent development, particularly in cases lacking detailed molecular target insights.

Background: With the rising incidence of cancer, there is a growing need for improved preclinical models to test new therapies. While patient-derived xenografts (PDX) in immunodeficient mice are the gold standard, they are costly and result in a complete absence of a functional immune system, limiting their utility for studying tumor–immune interactions. This study characterizes a pharmacological partial immunosuppression protocol in immunocompetent mice as a promising alternative, evaluating its impact on the immune system and demonstrating its efficacy for growing human tumor xenografts. Methods: Mice received a regimen of cyclosporine (20 mg/kg, i.p., every 48 h for 12 days), cyclophosphamide (60 mg/kg, i.p., every 48 h for 8 days), and ketoconazole (10 mg/kg, p.o., for 12 days). The dynamics of CD3⁺, CD4⁺, CD8⁺, and CD19⁺ lymphocyte subpopulations and the CD4/CD8 index were monitored via flow cytometry on days 1, 5, 8, 12, 16, and 21. The protocol’s utility was tested by orthotopic transplantation of human glioma and lung cancer cells, and subcutaneous transplantation of breast cancer cells (MCF7). Tumor engraftment and growth were assessed using in vivo microscopy, MRI, and histology. Results: The immunosuppressive protocol induced a significant but partial reduction in CD3⁺ T-cells and CD19⁺ B-cells by day 8 (p = 0.0277). A profound and progressive decrease in the CD4/CD8 index was observed, indicating a shift towards immunosuppression. Crucially, CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T-cells populations recovered rapidly post-therapy, demonstrating that the protocol creates a temporary and modifiable immune window rather than inducing complete ablation. The protocol enabled successful engraftment and growth of all three tested tumors in a residual immune microenvironment, confirmed by in vivo imaging and histopathological analysis. Conclusions: This drug-induced partial immunosuppression protocol effectively creates a reproducible state of transient immunodeficiency in outbred mice, suitable for various human tumor xenograft models. It represents a cost-effective and flexible alternative to genetic models, with the distinct advantage of preserving a residual immune microenvironment, making it particularly valuable for preclinical studies that require a partially intact host immune system.

Objective. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of different decontamination methods (Er,Cr:YSGG laser with a wavelength of 2780 nm, erythritol-based Air Flow, and Vector Paro) on the adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells on three types of dental implant surfaces (TiO2, SLA, RBM) in the context of peri-implantitis treatment. Material and methods. The study included 36 dental implants from three manufacturers with different surface types. Nine new implants (three from each manufacturer) served as the control group. The remaining 27 implants (three implants of each surface type per treatment method), retrieved from patients with clinically confirmed peri-implantitis, were treated using one of the following methods: Er,Cr:YSGG laser with a wavelength of 2780 nm, erythritol-based Air Flow, or the ultrasonic Vector Paro system. Following surface treatment, mesenchymal stem cells derived from the bone marrow of CD-1 mice were seeded onto the implants. After five weeks of culture, quantitative cell analysis was performed using flow cytometry, and Alizarin Red staining was applied to assess the extent of osteogenic differentiation. Results. Among the applied cleaning methods, the Er,Cr:YSGG laser with a wavelength of 2780 nm demonstrated the highest effectiveness, showing versatility regardless of the implant surface type. The erythritol-based Air Flow powder-polishing method was most effective for implants with an RBM surface. The Vector Paro ultrasonic device showed the greatest efficacy on TiO2 surfaces. Conclusion. The obtained results underscore the necessity of selecting the surface treatment method according to the implant surface type to preserve its functional properties and ensure successful re-osseointegration.

Background: Glioblastoma remains poorly controlled despite maximal safe resection, radiotherapy, and temozolomide. Six problems remain unresolved along this pathway: epithelial-marker-based capture can miss glial cells; infiltration extends beyond visible margins; residual disease survives resection; the blood–brain barrier restricts delivery; receptor switching and stem-like states enable escape; and immune control remains inadequate. This review considers aptamer approaches to these limitations while distinguishing experimental candidates from clinical practice. Methods: This narrative synthesis incorporates PubMed records, supplementary Google Scholar searches, primary experimental and clinical reports, and registry verification. Evidence is distinguished by tumor type, model, route, and endpoint; no meta-analysis was performed. Results: An EpCAM-independent DNA aptamer supports circulating glioma-cell isolation in a small patient series. A near-infrared conjugate labels ex vivo human tissue and animal tumors, but its reported study did not include intraoperative use in patients. Antagonists, photodynamic constructs, and magnetic nanodiscs provide preclinical approaches to tumor-cell control; nanodisc evidence includes separate ascites and glioblastoma studies. Delivery platforms range from receptor-targeted nanoparticles and STAT3 siRNA chimeras to aptamer–drug conjugates selected in orthotopic patient-derived xenografts. Combined receptor blockade and EphA2 targeting address escape experimentally. GLORIA has published phase I/II dose-escalation and bevacizumab-expansion cohorts for the CXCL12-binding L-RNA olaptesed pegol, while a bispecific 4-1BB–osteopontin aptamer provides glioma-specific preclinical immune-directed evidence. Conclusions: Selected studies are relevant to each limitation, but heterogeneous evidence and conceptual selection preclude claims of comprehensive coverage or clinical resolution. Local cavity delivery remains a development hypothesis requiring independent safety and efficacy assessment. Aptamers should complement—not replace—established care.