The success of a prosthetic treatment is closely related to the periodontal health of the individual. The aim of this article was to review and present the importance of prosthetic restorative materials on the condition of the periodontium, the changes that occur in the composition of the subgingival microbiota and the levels of inflammatory markers in gingival crevicular fluid. Articles on the influence of different prosthetic restorative materials on subgingival microbiota and proinflammatory cytokines were searched for using the keywords “prosthetic biomaterials”, “fixed prosthesis”, “periodontal health”, “subgingival microbiota”, “periodontal biomarkers” and “gingival crevicular fluid” in PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar. The type of material used for prosthesis fabrication together with poor marginal and internal fit can result in changes in the composition of the subgingival microbiota, as well as increased accumulation and retention of dentobacterial plaque, thus favoring the development of periodontal disease and prosthetic treatment failure. Biological markers have helped to understand the inflammatory response of different prosthetic materials on periodontal tissues with the main purpose of improving their clinical application in patients who need them. Metal-free ceramic prostheses induce a lower inflammatory response regardless of the fabrication method; however, the use of CAD/CAM systems is recommended for their fabrication. In addition, it is presumed that metal-ceramic prostheses cause changes in the composition of the subgingival microbiota producing a more dysbiotic biofilm with a higher prevalence of periodontopathogenic bacteria, which may further favor periodontal deterioration.

Background and Objective: Proinflammatory cytokines and enzymes responsible for tissue destruction are important in the development of periodontitis. This study compared salivary concentrations of interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP‐8), and (MMP‐9) in individuals with and without periodontitis to evaluate their diagnostic utility as potential biomarkers.Materials and Methods: A comprehensive search was performed across PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, supplemented by manual searches in relevant journals up to January 2024. Eligibility criteria focused on human studies with defined diagnostic criteria for periodontitis and saliva samples analyzed for IL‐1β, MMP‐8, and MMP‐9. Data were extracted to compare salivary levels of these markers between periodontitis patients and healthy controls. The Joanna Briggs Institute tool was used to evaluate the risk of bias and quality of the included studies. Statistical analysis employed a random effects model to calculate standardized mean differences and assess heterogeneity and publication bias.Results: The search yielded 122 articles, with 27 meeting the inclusion criteria. Fifteen percent of these studies presented a moderate risk of bias, while the remaining 85% exhibited a low risk of bias. The meta‐analyses indicated significantly higher levels of IL‐1β, MMP‐8, and MMP‐9 in the saliva of subjects with periodontitis compared to healthy individuals: IL‐1β: Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) = 163.29 (95% CI = 104.64–221.95), p < 0.001; MMP‐8: SMD = 282.22 (95% CI = 209.68–354.77), p < 0.001; MMP‐9: SMD = 311.85 (95% CI = 179.64–444.05), p < 0.001.Conclusion: Elevated salivary levels of IL‐1β, MMP‐8, and MMP‐9 are linked to periodontitis.

Background: Cytokines play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of dental caries. A systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out with the following three objectives: 1)To deepen and discuss through a comprehensive analysis of the literature the effects of dental caries on the activity and levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in saliva of children and young adults, 2)To compare the levels of this cytokines in saliva of the exposure group (moderate-severe dental caries) with the control group (caries-free or mild dental caries), and 3)To determine whether the levels of these cytokines could be used as a complementary clinical diagnostic tool to assess the severity of dental caries. Methods: The protocol followed PRISMA and Cochrane guidelines and was registered in the Open Science Framework (OSF): https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/MF74V. A digital search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, Scopus, and Google Schoolar databases from February 15th, 2012, to January 13th, 2024. The methodological validity of the selected studies was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tool. A meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model to evaluate the association between dental caries/health, and the concentration of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8. Results: The search strategy provided a total of 126 articles, of which 15 investigations met the inclusion criteria. The total number of patients studied was 1,148, of which 743 represented the case/exposure group, and 405 represented the control group. The age of the patients ranged from 3 to 25 years. IL-6 was the most prevalent cytokine in the saliva of children and young adults with active dental caries. The meta-analysis revealed that there are significant differences between the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in saliva of children with active dental caries compared to their control groups. Conclusions: The findings suggest that IL-6 and TNF-α levels may have potential as complementary biomarkers for assessing dental caries severity. However, further research is needed to validate these findings in larger and more diverse populations before clinical application.

The presence of a polymicrobial dysbiotic film in direct and constant contact with periodontal tissues initiates the host immune response. Interleukin 18 (IL-18) triggers up-regulates the production of other proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), creating a vicious cycle that expands the inflammatory and destructive process in the periodontal tissue. A systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out with the main propose to investigate IL-18 expression in different biological samples from subjects with chronic periodontitis. The protocol followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered in Open Science Framework (OSF): https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/BS9GM . A digital search was conducted in the databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source databases were consulted from March 15th, 2005 to February 10th, 2023. Study quality was assessed using the JBI tool for cross-sectional studies and clinical trials. A meta-analysis was performed using a random/fixed effects model to evaluate the concentration of IL-18 in serum, plasma, saliva, gingival tissue and GCF of exposure group compared to control group. The search strategy provided a total of 3,156 articles, of which 18 investigations met the inclusion criteria and 15 articles were quantitatively analyzed. The total number of patients studied was 1,275 (682 cases and 593 controls). The meta-analysis revealed significantly elevated IL-18 levels of serum, saliva and GCF of subjects with chronic periodontitis compared to healthy subjects (Serum: SMD = 62.73, 95%CI: 25.43-100.03, Z = 3.29, p = 0.001*; Saliva: SMD = 243.63, 95%CI: 8.68-478.59, Z = 2.03, p = 0.042*; GCF: SMD = 150.26, 95%CI: 56.86-243.66, Z = 3.15, p = 0.02*). IL-18 levels in serum, saliva and GCF could have the potential to be used as complementary diagnostic tools to the clinical and radiographic parameters in subjects with periodontitis.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the influence of artificial intelligence (AI)-generated Digital Smile Design (DSD) on patients and clinician satisfaction, and overall aesthetic outcomes. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar was conducted to identify studies (2004–2024) evaluating AI-based DSD. Eligible studies reported patient/clinician satisfaction or facial esthetic outcomes. Data were extracted on study characteristics, participant demographics, DSD type, and outcome measures. A meta-analysis of satisfaction prevalence was performed using Jamovi with a random-effects model. Methodological quality was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool, and publication bias was evaluated via rank correlation, fail-safe N, and regression tests for funnel plot asymmetry. Results: Seven studies were included after screening 387 records. AI-based tools (e.g. SmileCloud, REBEL, and Invisalign SmileView) improved esthetic outcomes, enhancing smile symmetry, lip arcs, and incisal edge visibility. Key predictors of success included philtrum height and buccal corridor. The meta-analysis showed a pooled satisfaction prevalence of 58% (95% CI: 0.30–0.86, p < 0.01), with high heterogeneity ( I ² = 60.23%). Studies had a moderate risk of bias, and publication bias was detected (regression test, p < 0.01). Conclusion: These findings suggest that AI-generated DSD provides significant facial esthetic outcomes. However, future studies should explore the long-term sustainability of these outcomes and the cost-effectiveness of AI-based dental treatments.

Background: The objective of this systematic review was to identify genetic variants of the IL‐23, IL‐17, IL‐23R and IL‐17R genes and isoforms and its possible association with increased development of periodontitis and peri‐implantitis.Methods: A systematic review was prepared according to the guidelines, registered in the OSF database with the registration number: 10.17605/OSF. IO/X95ZC. The electronic search was performed in four databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from 1984 until March 15th, 2024. The JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Case‐Control Studies was used to assess the quality of included studies.Results: Eighteen papers with a case‐control design were those that ultimately met the eligibility criteria. A total of 3904 individuals (2315 with periodontitis and 90 with peri‐implantitis), and 1589 healthy subjects) were studied. The age range of the study population was 14–70 years, with a mean age ± (SD) of 40.43 ± 6.33 years. A total of 28 genetic variants corresponding to the IL‐17A (rs 2275913, rs 3819024, rs 10484879) IL‐17F (rs 763780), IL‐17R (rs 879576) and IL‐23R (rs 11209026) genes were analyzed in this study. Six (33.3%) studies found an association between the IL‐17A 197 G/A (rs 2275913) genetic variant and peri‐implantitis and periodontitis. One study (5.5%) found an association between the IL‐17A rs10484879 variant and peri‐implantitis and periodontitis.Conclusion: Six polymorphisms were evaluated, highlighting rs 2275913 of the cytokine IL‐17A in patients with periodontitis or peri‐implantitis. Only 50% of studies found an association despite having a small sample. This suggests that other factors such as the degree of disease, systemic diseases and ethnic groups studied may play a role.