Transformer efficiency is a key concern for both transformer operators and regulators, particularly with regards to new transformers. Cooling is a critical factor in preventing overheating and controlling the ageing of transformer insulation. This paper aims to analyse how different cooling setups can influence efficiency. Transformer losses depend on the winding temperature, which is affected by load, ambient temperature, and cooling power. In this study, we will take all of these factors into consideration to examine their impact on transformer losses. Using a 520 MVA transformer as an example, we will calculate the loss levels under different realistic ambient temperature and load profiles. We will also apply different cooling system settings to determine the optimization possibilities. Our calculations will consider different turn-on temperatures of the fans and cooling stages and will use steady state calculations over a period of 12 months. Additionally, a novel approach to control cooling by using the loading of the transformer is present, as are the possibilities of using variable speed fans. Finally, we will estimate the influence of cooling settings on transformer ageing by examining their impact on temperature.

This paper presents the development and implementation of Integrated Multilevel Planning Solution (IMPS) a solution adhering to Industry 4.0 and 5.0 standards. Today, companies face challenges in understanding how new orders would impact existing production plans when there is limited traceability and information flow in their manufacturing process. The digital transformation of the production planning system enables a company to overcome the current challenges; however, to overcome the usual barriers of digital transformation a specialized solution for each company should be developed. IMPS was developed by first understanding the problems in the existing production planning process through a gemba (jap. for “actual place”) walk and interviews with stakeholders. The solution was designed with a human-centric approach and consists of seven components (Design System App (DSA), SAP (Systems Applications and Products in Data Processing), Microsoft Project, Microsoft Project Server, The Project Group (TPG) PSLink software, TPG ProjectLink, Tableau, and Smart Digital Assistance), which are well connected and integrated into the existing design. The system is accessible to the end user to find information, as the principles of Industry 5.0 require. A multivariant and multiuser planning capability was achieved with an interconnected Gantt chart of the master project with the ability to drill down into individual projects and custom views for various types of internal users. Most of the production planning solutions found in the literature were optimization-oriented, related to the improvements of the calculation methods within the planning activities in order to achieve a better efficiency of the planning system. Here, the goal was to achieve a system architecture that enabled a unique solution for design-to-order manufacturing without complex interventions into the existing system, which overcomes the most common barriers in Industry 4.0 implementations which are the human resistance to change, high investments, a lack of needed skills and knowledge for its implementation and use, and challenges of the adaptability to the new system. IMPS (ver 1.0) is a hybrid solution for SMEs, which aims to advance their planning system from the most commonly used Excel sheets towards a more advanced system but has financial and knowledge limitations from its implementation of highly complex software (ver. 1.0).