Silver nanoparticles (17.78 ± 12.12 nm) were synthesized by the reduction of 0.5 M silver nitrate using formaldehyde as reducing and triethylamine as promoting and stabilizing agent. The particles were grain like agglomerates with spherical, centered-face cubic and crystalline in nature. The sample was highly pure with amine (NH) as associated and capping molecules. Further, the genotoxicity and oxidative stress of these particles were evaluated using Labeo rohita (L. rohita) as genetic model exposed (10–55 mg L⁻¹ dose) through aquatic medium for 28 days. The cells were produced with micronuclei, fragmented, lobed and buds nuclei in dose dependent manner. The highest incidence of comet was recoded (27.34 ± 5.68) at 55 mg L⁻¹ Ag-NPs and 14 days treatment. Then frequency was decreased to 22.65 ± 6.66% after 28 days due to complex repair mechanism. Moreover, the treatment also produces the oxidative stress and disturbs the level of GST in gill and liver tissue. There was a sharp decline in the activities of GST and this decrease of activity increase the MDA content. Further, the elevated level of GSH represents that the liver has started defensive mechanism against oxyraidcals. This study concluded, Ag-NPs are genotoxic in nature and produce micronuclei, comet cells and also induces oxidative stress in aquatic organisms.

B₁₂ is an essential vitamin for human body which reduces the chances of neurological diseases, birth defects, and chronic disorders. It is a vital micro-nutrient for maintaining the brain health. This review sorts out some causes of vitamin B₁₂ (B₁₂) deficiency and develops its link with neurological disorders. The portals include PubMed, Google Scholar, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Pak MediNet, and Science Direct were search for literature retrieval. Study of literature revealed that deficiency of this vitamin occurs primarily due to insufficient dietary intake which results in a group of neurological symptoms in adults as well as infants. These neurological disorders include apathy, anorexia, irritability, growth retardation, and developmental regression. It may also involve in delayed myelination or demyelination of neurons. It was concluded that B₁₂ is vital micro-nutrient for healthy brain in children, younger, and elders. Various conditions are responsible for deficiency of B₁₂. A timely and proper supplementation is necessary if it is dietary deficiency.

This study assessed the protective effects of Cinnamomum cassia (cinnamon) bark extract in rats exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles or titanium dioxide bulk salt. For in vivo evaluation of the ameliorative role of the cinnamon extract, the experimental groups were orally administered with the cinnamon extract at different dose levels (50 or 100 or 150 mg/kg bodyweight) along with the subcutaneous injections of 150 mg/kg bodyweight titanium dioxide nanoparticles or titanium dioxide bulk salt. The extract showed significant ameliorative role on the antioxidant system in response to elevated levels of titanium dioxide nanoparticles or titanium dioxide bulk salt-induced oxidative stress. It aided in the recovery of the antioxidant system as well as protective role in histological damages and some haematological parameters in the rat liver treated with titanium dioxide nanoparticles or titanium dioxide bulk salt.