This paper investigates the adoption of ISO 19152, Geographic information — Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), for improvement of the current Turkey Land Information System (TLIS) data model and provides a brief overview of the current land information system in Turkey emphasising the main issues in creating the national information infrastructure. Then, the general concept of the country profile for Turkey with the adaptation of the LADM is described. In this context, the core data model of TLIS has been reviewed against the corresponding LADM basic classes. The proposed LADM for TLIS can be used to describe LA information in Turkey, although there are similarities, semantic differences and mismatches of classes and attributes between them. The results of study indicate that effective functioning of the information infrastructure requires proper integration of data, proceeded by analysing the contents of existing data sets, indicating key registers and defining a linkage system between them.

The 3D cadastre, one of the most fundamental components of the 3D LAS (Land Administration System), aims to provide an integrated 3D view of legal (Right, Restrictions, and Responsibilities–RRR) and physical boundaries in multi-storey properties; therefore, to extend the flexible and modular basis of LADM, which best represents legal boundaries and RRRs, some integrated models using technical standards (e.g., CityGML, IFC, InfraGML) are developed to represent the full 3D cadastre. However, since most of the developed 3D integrated data models are designed at the conceptual level, there is a knowledge gap in logical data model relationships, which is the next processing step in the fully integrated 3D data model stage. The main argument of this study is an innovative ADE 4D Cadastral Data Model to represent 3D cadastral objects registration with time attributes using LADM and CityGML. The data management and organization are done in an open-source database for the Turkish cadastral system. This research will discuss two main topics. The first is how to implement a suitable way of realising LADM-based 3D cadastral object registration by focusing on developing the presentation of those cadastral objects to 4D (3D + t), with time attributes in alignment with the jurisdictional framework in Turkey. The second is how the data is managed in an open-source PostgreSQL database. In addition, the usage type of cadastral objects is shown in a CesiumJS, a visualisation platform. Moreover, this study will contribute to eliminating the knowledge gap between the conceptual and logical models.

Type people to land relations are dynamic and, as a consequence, the nature of land title and cadastral data is of a dynamic nature. Land title and cadastral data are core components for a lot of property applications (e.g. taxation, valuation, mortgage). Those applications require up to date, complete and reliable data – including temporal data as in use in application forms and transactions. In this paper, the modelling of Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities (RRR) is discussed with a focus on the modelling of easement rights in a case study in Turkey. Functional requirements with respect to the characteristics of easement rights are investigated based upon interviews with professional experts in the public and private sector. Then a prototype model was built based on a simple implementation of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) RRR classes and by conforming to the national cadastral data management standards related to land registration systems. This new proposed model includes temporal cadastral attributes related to easements. This is materialised in the ‘Administrative Package’ and illustrated in the Turkey LADM country profile. We show that the LADM can be used to describe for the time dimension of cadastral information in Turkey, but that there are semantic differences, similarities and mismatches of classes and attributes between the LADM and the cadastral information system in Turkey. Proposed LADM-based model for the time dimension of cadastral information will be of immense advantage to land administrators, the governments and land users in Turkey.

Cadastre in Turkey is executed as two-dimensional (2D) and parcel-based. The third dimension (3D) on land and real estate is shown in 2D on the map with permanent rights. The use of underground spaces cannot be registered. There are various problems in the registration and mapping of real estates that are under or above these excluded places. The research was motivated by some problems that have taken place in the Turkey 3D cadastre due to the inadequate spatial information systems. For this purpose, it is aimed to design a 3D cadastre country profile that takes into account the Turkish National Spatial Data Infrastructure (TUCBS in Turkish) land registry and cadastral data model and is compatible with the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), which is defined within ISO 19152. In this study presents a detailed overview of the Turkish legal cadastre system and a proposal for realisation based on international standards.

The concepts of three-dimensional cadastre (3D) and property ownership led to increased interest in land use management and research towards the end of the 90s. Within the scope of these studies, international standards and definitions have been realised. In Turkey, there are some academic studies available. However, there are not many studies conducted on an institutional basis. Turkey cadastre carried out by the General Directorate of Land Registry, and Cadastre (GDLRC) are kept. In this context, a 3D RRR (Right, Restriction and Responsibility) for Turkey-based cadastral data model design and development is essential in terms of not constitute a base for the study. The fact that these studies are in the context of LADM and ISO standards and OGC is very important in terms of the fact that the cadastral system is related to international standards. .