Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number 14 pertains to the preservation of sustainable marine ecosystems by establishing marine protected areas (MPAs). However, studies have reported massive damage to Indonesian marine ecosystems due to shipping pollution, anchors, and fishing nets. Thus, this study estimated the potential loss of ecosystem service value due to vessel activity expansion in the MPAs of Indonesia. This study was divided into three stages. The first stage is vessel activity expansion zone modeling based on kernel density. The second stage is marine ecosystem service value modeling through semantic harmonization, reclassification, and spatial harmonization. The last stage is the overlay of the vessel expansion zone model, marine ecosystem service value model, and the MPA of Indonesia. The results of this study indicate that the marine neritic zone of Indonesia has an ecosystem service value of USD 814.23 billion, of which USD 159.87 billion (19.63%) are in the MPA. However, the increase in vessel activity that occurred in 2013–2018 could potentially lead to the loss of the ecosystem service value of USD 27.63 billion in 14 protected areas. These results can assist policymakers in determining priority conservation areas based on the threat of vessel activity and value of ecosystem services.

In recent years, the phytoplankton blooming phenomenon occurred at Lampung Waters. This event harms living organisms due to its toxicity or caused oxygen depletion. Chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a) is the crucial biological parameter for simulating marine phytoplankton biomass. In this study, the monthly average of Chl-a ocean-color remote sensing data from 2003 to 2019 is investigated. The seasonal and interannual variability of Chl-a was analyzed in Lampung waters and its surrounding area. The study area was separated into three regions, namely the East Coast of Lampung waters, Lampung Bay and Sunda Strait area. The spatial pattern showed that the value of Chl-a on the east coast was higher than Lampung Bay and Sunda Strait, with a deal up to 7 mg/mg/m ³. The time series of spatial averages in three areas showed the seasonal and inter-annual variation. The monthly climatology of Chl-a in Lampung Bay more influenced by sea surface temperature. The maximum value occurs in October with Chl-a concentration was 0,87 mg/m ³. Meanwhile, the east coast area and Sunda Strait fit with the monthly rainfall pattern in the Lampung mainland. The maximum value occurs in February with Chl-a abundance were 2,49 mg/m ³ and 0,96 mg/m ³, respectively. The value indicated that the river runoff would be a significant impact on phytoplankton blooming. Otherwise, the interannual variability in three areas showed that the Lampung Bay was more influenced by Indian Ocean Dipole than the East Coast and Sunda Strait. The cross-correlation between Chl-a concentration and Dipole Mode Index in East Coast area, Lampung Bay, and Sunda Straits are -0.2, 0.5, and 0,1, with a significant level of 95%.

In 2021, The Marine Affairs and Fisheries Office of Lampung Province only recorded fish volume and production data at the technical executive unit in Kota Agung. This will make it difficult for fishermen outside the technical executive unit of Kota Agung to determine fishing locations and for researchers to determine the potential of all water areas. The study aimed to obtain the distribution value of Sea surface temperature (SST) and Chlorophyll-a, the results of potential fishing zones, and to analyze regulations related to fishing throughout Lampung waters. Determination of potential pelagic fish locations based on SST, Chlorophyll-a, and boat detection parameters. The data was obtained by utilizing AQUA-MODIS and SNPP-VIIRS Level 3 satellite imagery. The methods used are Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) Interpolation and Kernel Density Estimation (KDE). In March-April 2022, areas of high potential for pelagic fish with SST 27-28°C and chlorophyll-a 1.1-1.9 mg/m³ are in the waters of Tanggamus Regency, South Lampung, East Lampung, and Bandar Lampung City. Whereas in the waters of West Lampung Regency, it has a low potential with SST 29-30°C and chlorophyll-a 2.2-3.1 mg/m³. The interviews with fishermen and the Marine Affairs and Fisheries Office of Lampung Province revealed that there were still violations of the application of RZWP3K in the Allowed Catches (JTB) by fishermen, with catches exceeding the allowed catches (5-10 tons per day). Therefore, the application of fishing permits (SIPI) for small fishermen 5-15 GT and fishing business permits (SIUP) need to be reaffirmed, especially in potential areas.

Reconstructing a three-dimensional model of a real-world object requires a quality point cloud to produce an accurate three-dimensional model. Point clouds can be produced by image-based and distance-based methods. The image-based method utilises the light reflected by the object, which is then processed using the principle of photogrammetry. This research is intended to test the image-based method with the help of the structure from motion approach to generate the quality of point clouds using open-source software including Visual SfM, MicMac, Meshroom and with the Agisoft Metashape Pro commercial software. The images are taken by a Xiaomi Yi Action camera with 2.68 mm focal length. The performance comparisons will consider Volume Density, Surface Variation and Point discrepancy. We utilize BLK 360 terrestrial laser scanner to collect reference point cloud. The results show that all software provide convincing result on each parameters compared.

In the aspect of climate threats, climate change has occurred with significant temperature deviations, which has brought about numerous normal peculiarities, like an unnatural weather change, El Nino and La Nina occasions over the most recent couple of many years. Interannual variations in SST Temperature and Chlorophyll-a have a significant impact on anomaly climatic factors like El Nino and La Nina. Climate change has a major effect on the livelihoods and sustainability of coastal areas, including mangroves. The purpose of this study was to ascertain how the distribution of chlorophyll-a and sea surface temperature were affected by the El Nino of 2006-2007 and the La Nina of 2016, and to analyze the health index of mangrove vegetation on the quality of Indonesian waters during the 2006-2007 El Nino phenomenon and 2016 La Nina. This study utilized MODIS NDVI Land Vegetation Records information to gauge the wellbeing of mangroves and involved MODIS Water information for the changeability of Ocean Surface Temperature and chlorophyll-a. As a result, chlorophyll-a experienced an extreme increased, reached > 50 mg/m³. During La Nina and El Nino, the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) reached more than 35 degrees Celsius. The extreme increase in chlorophyll-a indicates declining water quality, which affected the health of the mangroves.