The direct enzymatic conversion of untreated waste shrimp and crab shells has been a key problem that plagues the large-scale utilization of chitin biological resources. The microorganisms in soil samples were enriched in two stages with powdered chitin (CP) and shrimp shell powder (SSP) as substrates. The enrichment microbiota XHQ10 with SSP degradation ability was obtained. The activities of chitinase and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase of XHQ10 were 1.46 and 54.62 U/mL. Metagenomic analysis showed that Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis, Chitiniphilus shinanonensis, and Chitinimonas koreensis, with excellent chitin degradation performance, were highly enriched in XHQ10. Chitin oligosaccharides (CHOSs) are produced by XHQ10 through enzyme induction and two-stage temperature control technology, which contains CHOSs with a degree of polymerization (DP) more significant than ten and has excellent antioxidant activity. This work is the first study on the direct enzymatic preparation of CHOSs from SSP using enrichment microbiota, which provides a new path for the large-scale utilization of chitin bioresources.