Vitamin D₃ (VD₃) is a sunshine hormone that regulates cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis related to liver parenchyma. We used a thioacetamide (TAA)-induced hepatic fibrosis rat model in our study to investigate the beneficial roles of VD₃ to overcome extensive liver fibrosis. Randomly, four equal groups (eight rats per group) underwent therapy for eight successive weeks: a control group, a group treated with TAA 100 mg/kg BW IP every other day, a group treated with VD₃ 1000 IU/kg BW IM every day, and a TAA+VD group treated with both therapies. Treatment with VD₃ after TAA-induced hepatic fibrosis was found to alleviate elevated liver function measures by decreasing ALT, AST, and ALP activity; decreasing total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels; and increasing glucose and 25[OH]D₃. Rats treated with VD₃ showed marked decreases in MDA and increased SOD, CAT, and GSH levels. In addition, CD34 and FGF23 gene expressions were reduced after dual therapy. Liver sections from the TAA+VD group showed markedly decreased hepatic lesions, and Masson’s trichrome stain showed a marked decrease in dense bluish-stained fibrous tissue. The immunohistochemical expression of TGF-β and α-SMA showed markedly decreased positive brown cytoplasmic expression in a few hepatocytes, clarifying the antifibrotic effect of VD₃ in hepatic fibrosis. In conclusion, VD₃ alleviates hepatotoxicity and fibrosis caused by TAA.

In this study, we have investigated the impact of vitamin C on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1 β (IL-1 β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 12p40 (IL-12p40), interferon gamma (IFNγ), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)) in lambs naturally infected by pneumonic pasteurellosis. Of 37 lambs, 18 lambs were identified to have pneumonic pasteurellosis and randomly allocated into two equal groups. Single subcutaneous dose of tulathromycine alone (2.5 mg kg⁻¹) or tulathromycine combined with vitamin C (3 gm kg⁻¹) were administrated to the diseased lambs. The serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α were returned to the normal levels in pneumonic lambs treated with the combination therapy. The obtained results indicate the selective influences of vitamin C on pro-inflammatory cytokines production in sera of lambs with pneumonic pasteurellosis and highlights the value of vitamin C as a potential anti-inflammatory drug and ideal immunomodulatory agent.

This study aimed to evaluate how natural dietary supplements, including essential oils (EOs) and probiotics, influence the growth performance, carcass traits, serum components, gut function, gene expression, and jejunal histomorphology of growing quails. A total of 240 unsexed 7-day-old growing Japanese quails were randomly assigned to four experimental groups (n = 60 per group), with each group further divided into six replicates (10 quails per replicate). The control group (S₀) received a basal diet without incorporating any additives, while the experimental groups were supplemented with (i) essential oils (S₁); (ii) probiotics (S₂); or (iii) a mixture of EOs and probiotics (S₃) at a level of 1.5 kg/ton and 0.55 g per kg diet, respectively, and the ratio of the mixture of EOs and probiotics was approximately 2.73:1. The results showed that, from 7 to 35 days of age, S₃ quails showed increased growth performance, carcass weight, and serum total protein with a decreased lipid profile, outperforming the individual supplementation of either additive (p < 0.05). Importantly, EOs or probiotics enhanced immune-antioxidant status in growing quails, particularly those who were fed both EOs and probiotics, showing significantly increased levels of the serum immune parameters IgY and IgM as well as boosting T-AOC, SOD, and GPx levels when MDA content was lowered compared to S₀ quails (p < 0.05). Additionally, in quails fed a mixture of EOs and probiotics, the primary pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were downregulated, and the anti-inflammatory factors TGF-β and IL-10 were elevated compared to the S₀ group (p < 0.05). In this context, there was a notable increase in growth (IGF-I, myogenin, and AvUCP), immunological (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and AVBD), antioxidant (SOD, CAT, GPx, and ATOX1), and intestinal absorption (VEGF, MUC2, GLUT2, calbindin, and FABP6) markers in quails supplemented with EOs and/or probiotics when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The combination of EOs and probiotics had the most noticeable impact on the markers’ expression patterns compared to either additive alone (p < 0.05). Consistent with our results, quails given both EOs and probiotics showed significantly greater villi in terms of height and width when compared to the control group in intestinal histomorphology, the primary measure of intestinal wellness. In conclusion, quail diets could benefit from the use of EOs or probiotics as natural growth promoters since they improve growth performance, blood parameters associated with protein and lipid profiles, immune-antioxidant status and inflammation, and marker gene expression profiles of growth, immune, antioxidant, and intestinal absorption.

Pneumonia is a major issue that affects calves’ health and performance and causes numerous losses despite treatment. Investigating genetic and molecular differences, as well as immunological and antioxidant responses, in calves at risk for pneumonia was the aim of this study. A total of 225 calves were studied, including 180 Holstein calves with respiratory signs and 45 calves that were apparently healthy. Blood samples were collected for CBC, RNA extractions, and immunological and antioxidant analysis. In contrast to the control group, the pneumonic one showed a considerable (p < 0.05) increase in the expression levels of cytokines and antioxidant genes IL1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and NOX4. In contrast, the values of IL10, PRDX6, ATG7, and NDUFS6 were in the opposite range. The pneumonic and healthy calves were found to differ in the nucleotide sequences of the genes under analysis. In pneumonic calves, a substantial (p ˂0.05) reduction was detected in RBCs, Hb count, PCV%, and lymphocytes count, and a notable (p ˂ 0.05) increase in WBCs and neutrophil count was correlated with healthy control calves. The findings of the serum profile showed that there was a meaningful (p ˂ 0.05) rise in the serum values of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and MDA, with significant reductions in the SOD, GSH, TAC, and IL-10 in the pneumonic compared to the healthy calves. Our results provide valuable information about the nucleotide sequence, gene expression, and serum profile differences of putative indicators for pneumonia in calves. This could be applied in monitoring calves’ pneumonia through the discriminate breeding of naturally resistant animals.

Objective: Canine parvovirus infection (CPV) occurs worldwide in domestic dogs and wild canids and occur in dogs of any age. Our study designated to investigate the incidence, clinical signs and hematological changes occurred during parvovirus enteritis in dogsDesign and procedure: Eighty fecal samples collected from rectum of clinically healthy and CPV infected dogs and examined by SNAP* Parvo test, 20 cases were negative with SNAP* Parvo adopted as control and 60 cases were positive with SNAP* Parvo categorized as CPV group. Blood samples obtained from cephalic vein and lateral saphenous vein and mixed with EDTA as anticoagulant for hematological studies. Results: CPV show a higher incidence in German shepherd (30%), Rottweiler (20%), Doberman (16.7%), Golden retriever (13.3%), Pitbull (10%), Husky (5%), Tibetan mastiff (5%). CPV mostly affect the age group from 6 weeks to 3-month-old puppies (86.67%) and affect age group from 3-6 month of age (13.33%) and more frequent in males (68.33%) than females (31.67%). About 27% of CPV enteritis cases suffer from macrocytic hypochromic anemia and 73.33% of cases suffer from normocytic normochromic anemia. Leukopenia, lymphopenia and neutropenia were the pronounced feature of CPV in 78.33%, however, leukocytosis, lymphocytosis and neutropenia also recorded in our study by 21.67% of CPV enteritis cases. Platelets count reveal a significant decrease in all CPV enteritis cases.Conclusion and clinical relevance: Descriptive incidence, clinical signs of CPV are very helpful for tentative diagnosis of CPV as well as hematological changes occurred during CPV infection in dogs.