The cellular vesicle is a fluid-filled structure separated from the surrounding environment by a biological membrane. Here, we isolated nanovesicles (NVs) from the juice of clementines using a discontinuous density gradient ultracentrifugation method. To gain information about the protein content of vesicles, mass spectrometry-based organelle proteomics and bioinformatics were applied to the exosome-like vesicle fraction isolated in the 1 mol/L sucrose/D₂O cushion. Analysis of 1018 identified proteins revealed a highly complex mixture of different intra, extracellular and artificially-formed vesicle populations. In particular, clathrin-coated vesicles were significantly expressed in this sample. Membrane transporters are significantly represented in clementines nanovesicles. We have found 162 proteins associated with the transport Gene Ontology term (GO: 0006810) which includes; 71 transmembrane transport related, 53 vesicle mediated and 50 intracellular transporters. Platellin-3 like carrier protein containing a Sec14 domain is known to have a role in plant-virus interaction and that is one of the most abundant proteins in our dataset. The presence of transmembrane transporters like ATPases, aquaporins, ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters and tetraspanins, regulators of protein trafficking suggests that nanovesicles of clementines can actively interact with their environment in a controlled way.

Plant-derived nanovesicles (PDNVs) have become attractive alternatives to mammalian cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) both as therapeutic approaches and drug-delivery vehicles. In this study, we isolated tomato fruit-derived NVs and separated them by the iodixanol density gradient ultracentrifugation (DGUC) into twelve fractions. Three visible bands were observed at densities 1.064 ± 0.007 g/mL, 1.103 ± 0.006 g/mL and 1.122 ± 0.012 g/mL. Crude tomato PDNVs and DGUC fractions were characterized by particle size-distribution, concentration, lipid and protein contents as well as protein composition using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of the DGUC fractions associated to these bands were assessed in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human monocytic THP-1 cell culture. The middle and the low-density visible DGUC fractions of tomato PDNVs showed a significant reduction in LPS-induced inflammatory IL-1β cytokine mRNA production. Functional analysis of proteins identified in these fractions reveals the presence of 14-3-3 proteins, endoplasmic reticulum luminal binding proteins and GTP binding proteins associated to gene ontology (GO) term GO:0050794 and the regulation of several cellular processes including inflammation. The most abundant middle-density DGUC fraction was loaded with curcumin using direct loading, sonication and extrusion methods and anti-inflammatory activity was compared. The highest entrapment efficiency and drug loading capacity was obtained by direct loading. Curcumin loaded by sonication increased the basal anti-inflammatory activity of tomato PDNVs.

In plant production, evaluation of salt stress protectants concerning their potential to improve growth and productivity under saline stress is critical. Bacillus subtilis (Bs) and cobalt (Co) have been proposed to optimize salt stress tolerance in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L. cv. Balady) plants by influencing some physiological activities. The main aim of this work is to investigate the response of (Bs) and (Co) as eco-safe salt stress protectants to resist the effect of salinity, on growth, seed, and essential oil yield, and the most important biochemical constituents of coriander produced under salt stress condition. Therefore, in a split-plot factorial experiment design in the RCBD (randomized complete block design), four levels of salinity of NaCl irrigation water (SA) were assigned to the main plots; (0.5, 1.5, 4, and 6 dS m⁻¹); and six salt stress protectants (SP) were randomly assigned to the subplots: distilled water; 15 ppm (Co1); 30 ppm (Co2); (Bs); (Co1 + Bs); (Co2 + Bs). The study concluded that increasing SA significantly reduced coriander growth and yield by 42.6%, which could be attributed to ion toxicity, oxidative stress, or decreased vital element content. From the results, we recommend that applying Bs with Co (30 ppm) was critical for significantly improving overall growth parameters. This was determined by the significant reduction in the activity of reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) and non-enzyme: proline by 5, 11.3, 14.7, and 13.8% respectively, while increasing ascorbic acid by 8% and preserving vital nutrient levels and enhancing plant osmotic potential to buffer salt stress, seed yield per plant, and essential oil yield increased by 12.6 and 18.8% respectively. The quality of essential oil was indicated by highly significant quantities of vital biological phytochemicals such as linalool, camphor, and protein which increased by 10.3, 3.6, and 9.39% respectively. Additional research is suggested to determine the precise mechanism of action of Bs and Co's dual impact on medicinal and aromatic plant salt stress tolerance.

This research examined the application of nano-activated biochar (nMOSAB) produced from Moringa oleifera seeds (MOS) as an adsorbent for the removal of indigo carmine (IC) dye. The synthesis of nMOSAB involved grinding techniques combined with thermal pyrolysis at temperatures exceeding 600 °C, resulting in the formation of nano-sized biochar particles. The adsorption data were evaluated using the Langmuir model for equilibrium and the pseudo-second-order model for kinetics. The nano-biochar exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 344.8 mg g⁻¹. In comparison with bulk biochar particles, the adsorption capacity of nMOSAB was found to be 9.5 times greater. The high adsorption capacity can be attributed to various chemical interactions during the adsorption process, such as π–π interactions, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions. Thermodynamic analyses indicated that the adsorption process is both spontaneous and exothermic. Through traditional batch tests and a packed-bed system, the effectiveness of nMOSAB for the removal of IC from actual wastewater was determined to be 91.6% and 89.6%, respectively. This research clearly demonstrated the capability of nano-biochar derived from M. oleifera seeds to serve as an efficient, eco-friendly, and economical adsorbent for the removal of IC dyes from wastewater.

To maximize the economic benefits of Hyacinthus orientalis L., the micropropagation and morphogenesis induction of five Hyacinthus cultivars were investigated under four different concentrations of indole acetic acid (IAA) with two cytokinins, benzyl adenine (BA), or kinetin (Kin). Days for morphogenesis initiation and shoot formation in the red cultivars were fewer than in the blue and white cultivars. Blue cultivars showed an increase in fresh weight and chlorophyll content under either BA or Kin, but they showed an increase in shoot height in the BA treatments only. IAA at 1.5 mg/L caused a time reduction in days for morphogenesis induction and shoot formation and enhanced shoot height and fresh weight. Kin had a lesser impact than BA on all parameters at all concentrations. The number of shoots differed significantly among the cultivars. The Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) produced the highest percentage of root formation (93.3%), number of roots/plantlet (5.26), and root length (1.10 cm). The Jan Bos cultivar at 3.0 mg/L IBA had the highest mean rooting percentage (100%) and number of roots per plantlet (6.66), while Pink Pearl had the highest root length (1.39 cm).

The effects of soil salinization on the growth and chemical composition of Cordia myxa seedlings sprayed with the compound sodium nitrophenolate (CSN) were studied. In the current study, sodium chloride salt was mixed with potting media at rates of 0, 2000, 4000, and 6000 mg/kg soil. The seedlings were sprayed with CSN at 0, 5, and 10 mg/L. Growing seedlings exposed to salinity, especially at high concentrations, coincides with the decrease in various growth measurements including survival percentage, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, fresh and dry leaf weight, and chemical components. CSN treatment had a substantial effect on improving the growth aspects and various chemical components of C. myxa seedlings. Maximum measurements of the growth and chemical components such as chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids, N, P, and K percentages, and total phenolics were recorded when the plants were grown in soil exposed to salinity at a rate of 2000 mg NaCl/kg soil and sprayed at a rate of 10 mg/L CSN. In contrast, higher free proline content coincided with 6000 and 4000 mg NaCl/kg soil. It could be suggested that C. myxa trees can grow in moderately saline conditions, and to improve their growth, they are sprayed with CSN at a rate of either 5 or 10 ml/l. Our findings support the future development of efficient growth methods for C. myx.