It is estimated that approximately 260 million people worldwide are infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is one of the leading causes of liver disease and liver cancer throughout the world. Compared with developed countries, low-income and middle-income countries have limited access to resources and advanced technologies that require highly specialized staff for HBV diagnosis. In spite of the heavy burden caused by hepatitis B virus, 90% of people are still undiagnosed. The World Health Organization (WHO) goal of eliminating hepatitis B by 2030 seems very difficult to achieve due to the existing diagnostic infrastructure in low-resource regions. The majority of diagnostic laboratories still use hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-based tests. WHO’s elimination plan is at risk of derailment due to phases like the window period, immune control, and occult HBV infection (OBI) not being detected by standard tests. Here, in this article, we are focusing on various diagnostic platforms for the better diagnosis of HBV. The aim of the elimination of HBV can only be achieved by detecting all phases of HBV infection, which can be executed by a combined approach of using new marker assays along with advanced pretesting and testing methods.

Background: Prevalence of rhesus (Rh) and Kell antigens in a population vary with race, ethnicity, and geographical location. With advances in immunohematology, non-D antigens, and their corresponding antibodies are increasingly being found to be culprits for alloimmunization. Materials and Methods: Assessment of the phenotype of Rh and Kell blood group antigen in the healthy donor population from North India was done, and estimation of the frequencies of these alleles in our population was performed. Results: The most common antigen in the North Indian donor population was “e” (95.6%) followed by “C” (89.6%), “c” (57.7%), and “E” (17.29%) in that order. The most prevalent phenotype in the Indian population was found to be “CDe” followed by “CcDe” and “CcDEe.” “K” antigen was found to be positive in 1.81% of the population. Discussion: Knowledge of the Rh antigen profiles in a given population can be very helpful in formulating transfusion guidelines specific to a particular population with an aim to minimize the cost and maximize the benefits. With this aim in mind and considering the problems encountered in developing countries like ours, we conducted Rh and Kell antigen profiling of donors. Comparative analysis with other population studies and implications for transfusion protocols is evaluated. Conclusion: Assessment of Rhesus antigen profile of a particular population is useful to develop cost effective ways of providing maximum benefits of blood transfusion with least resources.

Introduction: Chronic hepatitis B infection remains a major public health issue in India, and asymptomatic blood donors can constitute an important reservoir for silent transmission. Epidemiological profiling of HBsAg‑positive donors helps in identifying high‑yield groups for enhanced screening and targeted preventive interventions within blood transfusion services. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 150 HBsAg-positive blood donors between April 2024 and August 2025. Sociodemographic data, donor type and donation frequency, ABO/Rh blood group, and serological status for HIV and syphilis were extracted and summarized. Results: All 150 HBsAg‑positive donors were male, predominantly aged 21–40 years (92.0%), with most residing in rural areas (57.0%) and educated up to higher secondary level (92.0%). B blood group (34.9%) and O blood group (26.8%) were most frequent, and nearly two‑thirds (62.0%) were first‑time donors, with only 4.6% having more than five lifetime donations. Co‑infection with HIV was detected in 6.7% and syphilis in 2.7%, including 2.7% with combined HIV–syphilis infection, while the vast majority were negative for other TTIs. Conclusion: Although overall TTI co‑infection prevalence was modest, the presence of HIV and syphilis among these donors underlines the importance of strict pre‑donation screening, universal serological testing, and post‑test linkage to care for infected individuals.