Wildfires exhibit extensive nonlinear characteristics and threshold effects in response to environmental changes. However, how threshold effects affect wildfire responses and their future changes remains unclear. Here we identified thresholds where wildfire-driver relationships shift and estimated the impact of threshold effects on wildfire dynamics in the 21st century in northern mid- and high latitudes (>30°N). Wildfire-driver thresholds, coregulated by gradient differences in heat and moisture conditions, vegetation productivity, and human activities, effectively explain the spatial patterns and uneven responses of wildfires. Despite the dominance of temperature, precipitation, and socioeconomic status on wildfires, 30.70% of wildfire changes are attributed to their threshold effects, notably in boreal and temperate ecosystems. Climate change will enhance the threshold effects of wildfire drivers, leading to a 47.81 ± 3.08% increase in burned areas by 2030–2100 compared with 2001‒2022. Our findings highlight that enhanced threshold effects of drivers promote future wildfire changes, posing challenges to fire suppression.

Ecotourism in Potatso National Park has been developing for more than 15 years, which has had important guiding significance for the development of China’s national parks. This paper analyzes ecotourism practices in Potatso by extracting related travel notes and adopting the ground theory and content analysis method. The results show that the current ecotourism practices in Potatso include 5 dimensions and 15 elements. The five dimensions are the natural environment, environmental education, community participation, ecotourism experience and socioeconomic background. The five most important elements are the ecosystem elements, sensory and behavioral ecotourism experience, ecological facilities and interpretation systems. There are also three contradictions: between tourists’ environmental awareness and lack of environmental behaviors, between community participation and residents’ reception capacity, and between environmental education and tourists’ experiences. Regarding the future development of Potatso, conservation will always come first. A breakthrough is needed to strengthen the conversion of environmental education to the environmental behavior of tourists, adjust the participation model of communities dynamically, and continue innovating in the form of environmental education.

Wildfires are among the main factors that disturb terrestrial ecosystems, landscapes, and the environment. Understanding the differences that the socioeconomic factors of different administrative levels have on fire occurrence remains critical to inform the driving function of ignition sources. In this study, we collected socioeconomic and land use data for 21 cities and 81 counties in the study area from 2001 to 2019 and applied a multilevel model to explore the relationship between wildfire occurrence density and the driving factors. We estimated the fixed and random effect of the factors at different levels and built three hierarchical linear models (HLMs) to quantify the impacts of socioeconomic drivers on wildfires. The results showed that the variance among cities contributed to 14.01% of the unexplained variation of random effects at the county level. At the county level, the densities of middle school student populations, gross domestic product (GDP), and impervious surface areas were significantly positively correlated with fire occurrence density. At the city level, GDP and its interaction with county-level factors were significantly negatively correlated with fire occurrence density. This study provides a new method and findings for the research of wildfire occurrence and risk.

Vegetation water status, an important physiological characteristic of vegetation, lacked a global-scale estimate method. In this study, a global vegetation moisture relative index (VMRI) was established based on the vegetation optical depth (VOD) and leaf area index and compared to live fuel moisture content (LFMC) in-situ measurements and environmental factors (soil moisture from different depths, precipitation, vapor pressure deficit, ratio of actual to potential evapotranspiration, and self-calibrating Palmer drought severity index). Validation using LFMC measurements indicated that VMRI could characterize vegetation water status (R _median = 0.37) and that the VMRI establishment method could eliminate the influence of aboveground biomass in VOD. The results of the correlated comparison between VMRI and environmental factors showed positive significant correlations in most regions. Besides, the VMRI was more correlated with environmental factors in shrublands and grasslands (e.g., R _mean = 0.38 in multi-depth soil moisture) than in forests and savannas (R _mean = 0.15), and the correlations between the VMRI and environmental factors in water-limited regions (R _mean = 0.33) were higher than those in non-water-limited regions (R _mean = 0.18). Moreover, deeper soil moisture provided more information to the VMRI in regions above 60°N. Furthermore, comparison of soil moisture trends and VMRI trends displayed more synchronization, with about 60% of pixels showing the same trend and about 85% of the same-trend pixels showing decreasing trends Particularly, interannual variations in forests showed time-lagged responses to environmental drought. Overall, VMRI provides a new in-situ measurement-independent estimation for vegetation water status affected by multiple environmental factors at the global scale.

Spatial inequality in migrant attainment has become a core issue in migrant welfare and urbanization. This paper investigates the spatial differences and related factors of migrant attainment in 337 Chinese cities using national survey data and applying the factor analysis method. The results indicate that migrants’ challenges in the economic and residential dimensions contribute the most to the relatively low degree of migrant attainment. The spatial distribution of migrant attainment is reflected in higher grades clustered in blocks in separate provinces. The economic and residential dimensions have opposite outcomes and reveal differences between China's north and south. The cultural and psychological dimensions are homogeneous, and the civil rights dimension is zonal. The spatial pattern of migrant attainment is jointly shaped by both the characteristics of the receiving cities and the migrants themselves. Hindrance factors involving policy differentiation and spatial barriers have the greatest impact. This paper puts into practice the theory of human-space relationship, provides a deeper research connotation, and delves deeper into the role of migrants and receiving cities. These findings provide an path to increase migrant attainment and spatial equality: determine the spatial characteristics – clarify the dimensions of lower migrant attainment – address the key influencing factors.