Background: The facial spaces in head and neck are the potential spaces between the various layers of fascia normally filled with loose connective tissue and bounded by anatomical barriers, usually of bone, muscle or facial layers. Objective: To evaluate the level of knowledge and awareness about space infection among pediatric patients and their parents in Riyadh, KSA which can lead to seeking early help. Results: A total of 102 children (56 girls, 46 boys; mean age from 2-12 years) visited Dar al Uloom hospital since January 2019. Most of the patients (51 cases) were children aged 6–9 years. It has been observed that majority of 10- 12 years old children noticed pain first (58.3%) followed by abscess drainage (25%) whereas, large number of 2-5 years old children noticed pain as the first option (66.7%) followed by swelling (26.7%). Further, a greater number of 6-9 years old children noticed pain (80.4%) followed by swelling (7.8%). These results suggest that the association of the first symptom observed by the child with different age groups was found to be significant. Conclusion: In our study, the most common age group of pediatric patient infected with space infection was from 6-9 years, and the most common source of infection was caries. The level of education does not affect the awareness. It was observed that the symptoms of space infection were first noticed by the child, and it was due to the lack of early visits to the dentist. Hence, there is a need of increased awareness of the parents towards space infection and its potential risk. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 22 No. 04 October’23 Page : 773-777

Background The common conditions bruxism and temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) have a major impact on dental health and quality of life. Even though both disorders have been thoroughly examined, there is still discussion and research surrounding their association. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship, possible risk factors, and therapeutic consequences of the interaction between bruxism and TMD. Methods To summarize the available data on the relationship between bruxism and TMD, a thorough literature review was carried out. Furthermore, information was gathered to look at the connection between TMD symptoms and self-reported bruxism. We searched several databases for the relevant literature. These included; PubMed, Cochrane Google Scholar, etc. Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria a group of researchers collaborated to “include” and “exclude” the studies and a total of n=11 studies were considered for final review and analyses. Results The primary endpoint of the current analysis was to evaluate the correlation between temporomandibular joint disorders and bruxism. 10/11 (91%) of the studies advocated for a significant correlation; whereas, only 1/11 (9%) favored that there is a negative association between the two. The overall Odds ratio value was =5.66, CI=95% (4.63-6.91). The overall heterogeneity was found to be Tau2=0.05; Chi2=26.00; df=8; I2=69%. The overall effect size was found to be, Z=16.97 (p<0.00001) which was significant. Conclusion In conclusion, our research shows an important association between temporomandibular joint abnormalities and bruxism, emphasizing the significance of identifying and treating these diseases in clinical settings. When patients report similar symptoms, healthcare practitioners should think about screening for both bruxism and TMD. Multidisciplinary approaches may also be helpful for a thorough examination and course of therapy. To further inform preventive and treatment measures, more study is required to clarify the underlying processes and causal links between bruxism and TMD. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 23 No. 04 October’24 Page : 1008-1019

Aim: The potential links between periodontal disease and various cancers have drawn more and more attention in recent years. The objective of the current study was to investigate any potential associations between parameters of periodontal disease, the number of teeth lost, and the risk of developing squamous cell esophageal cancer in a representative adult sample. Materials and Methods The study sample included 178 healthy individuals with matched age and socioeconomic status as controls and 60 patients with the primary histological type of esophageal cancer, Squamous Cell Esophageal Cancer. Data were collected from cases and controls on epidemiological factors like age, gender, smoking status, alcohol intake, socio-economic status, level of education, and prior medical/dental history. The clinical data on periodontal health status was obtained through a clinical examination. This data concerned Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL), the number of teeth lost, and the common risk factors for Squamous Cell Esophageal Carcinoma. Additionally, univariate, and logistic regression models that were modified for potential confounders were used to estimate unadjacent and adjacent odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Lower socioeconomic status (p = 0.048) (OR = 1.882, 95% CI = 0.987–3.591), smoking (p = 0.052) (OR = 1.768, 95% CI = 0.931–3.359), moderate and heavy alcohol abuse (p = 0.035) (OR = 1.880, 95% CI = 0.987 3.579), and irregular tooth brushing frequency (p = 0.001) (OR = 0.326, 95% CI = 0.171–0.619) were indeed discovered to be significantly linked. Conclusion: Individuals with lower socio-economic status, smoking, moderate and heavy alcohol consumption, and irregular tooth brushing frequency were significantly associated with Periodontal diseases and Squamous Cell Esophageal Cancer.

Background: Bone regeneration around dental implants is critical for the success of implant therapy, especially in patients with compromised bone quality or volume. The choice of bone substitute materials plays a pivotal role in enhancing osseointegration and bone regeneration. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 patients requiring dental implant placement with bone augmentation were included in this prospective study. Patients were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10 each), receiving different bone substitute materials: Group A – autogenous bone graft; Group B – xenograft; Group C – alloplastic graft; and Group D – combination of autogenous and xenograft. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was used to assess bone volume and density preoperatively and at 6 months postoperatively. The outcomes were measured in terms of percentage increase in bone volume and density. Results: All groups showed significant improvement in bone volume and density after 6 months (P < .05). Group A demonstrated the highest percentage increase in bone volume (45 ± 5%) and density (55 ± 6%). Group D showed comparable results with a 42 ± 4% increase in bone volume and a 53 ± 5% increase in density. Groups B and C showed moderate improvement, with increases in bone volume of 35 ± 6% and 32 ± 5%, respectively. The combination of autogenous and xenograft materials (Group D) provided the best balance between efficacy and clinical feasibility. Conclusion: Different bone substitute materials demonstrate varying levels of effectiveness in enhancing bone regeneration around implants. Autogenous grafts and their combination with xenografts provide superior outcomes in terms of bone volume and density.

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most occurred cancer types with yearly 377,713 cases and 177,000 deaths. Traditional risk factors of OSCC include smoking, alcohol consumption, excessive sun exposure, family history of cancer, and human papillomavirus (HPV). Last few years, the prevalence of OSCC is growing big in numbers particularly among younger people for their lifestyle. From the Gene Expression Omnibus, 2 gene-expression profiles (GSE23558 and GSE146483) were identified based on some conditions. The GEO2R tool was used to analyze those datasets to extract all the genes. Statistical cut-off criteria were applied to find out DEGs from both datasets, and after that common DEGs were identified by comparing both datasets. Common DEGs were used to perform bioinformatics analysis such as gene ontology and pathway analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, and generating Transcription factor - miRNA network. 265 common DEGs were identified from the datasets including 69 up-regulated and 196 down-regulated DEGs. Using the STRING database and a strong combine score > 0.70, a PPI network is generated including 92 nodes and 226 interactions. Using 3 different hub DEGs seeking algorithm, we identified 9 top hub DEGs. The hub genes are Kinesin Family Member 23 (KIF23), Aurora Kinase A (AURKA), Centromere Protein F (CENPF), Cell Division Cycle 20 (CDC20), Discs Large Associated Protein 5 (DLGAP5), Centrosomal Protein 55 (CEP55), Anillin Actin Binding Protein (ANLN), Non-SMC Condensin I Complex Subunit G (NCAPG), and Kinesin Family Member 14 (KIF14). 3 significant clusters also identified from the PPI network. Previous study shows KIF23 takes part in raising Cell Proliferation in Hepatocellular carcinoma cells and AURKA shows notable overexpression in cancer tissues, which indicates that KIF23 and AURKA showed promising character to become possible biomarkers for OSCC. Further analysis needed to justify the statement.