The purpose of this publication is to analyze air pollution on the example of the city of Krakow, as well as to consider the possibility of using geodata for environmental protection. In addition to case study analysis as the leading research method, the article also uses the observation, analysis, and statistical methods. The article presents the concept of using GIS spatial analyzes and spatial planning as an element of the Green New Deal in the process of ventilating the city of Krakow.When developing a project related to city ventilation, it is extremely important to have the most accurate data on the strength, direction of the wind, type of pollution, and the number of emitters. Spatial analyzes are also able to indicate the main ventilation corridors of the city. These include, above all, areas located on the Vistula River, but also the widest city streets. Such results make it possible to more consciously manage space.

The real estate cadastre, understood as a public register and a legal institution, has since ancient times guaranteed legal certainty in property transactions and the implementation of fiscal objectives related to the collection of taxes. Over time, new tasks have been assigned to the cadastre. Reports published by international organizations such as the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) and the United Nations (UN) have revealed the shortcomings of existing legal systems in the management of land administration rights, restrictions and obligations. In this context, to the paper presents a polemic on the possibility of implementing a multidimensional cadastre in Poland and Slovakia. The most important milestones in the evolution of the land administration system in both countries were reviewed and the possibility of implementing layer ownership was discussed. The aim of this publication is to conduct a comparative study with a view on research on the applicable legal regulations in the context of the possibility and legitimacy of the implementation of the multidimensional cadastre in both countries. The research method used is a case study. It was supported by an analysis of legislation in the above-mentioned scope and a field interview. The research carried out as part of the comparative study clearly indicates the legitimacy of introducing the registration of layer ownership. The type of legal systems in Poland and Slovakia will have a significant impact on the degree of complexity of the multidimensional cadastre implementation process.

The article discusses key problems related to the regulation of the legal status of real estate in the context of the growing importance of the real estate market and investments. The authors propose the use of the case study analysis method to identify and solve problems in the regulation of this area. The main objective of the article is to conduct an analysis of legal regulations regarding the regulation of the legal status of real estate and to propose specific solutions aimed at improving the regulatory process in Poland. As part of the proposed solutions, the authors propose introducing clearly formulated definitions, with an emphasis on the digitalisation of archival materials and the creation of an implementing act taking into account the regulation process. Additionally, they propose developing a uniform path for data analysis in the process of regulating the legal status of real estate. They also indicate the need to account for the solutions used in France and Germany, where the process of regulating real estate is more transparent and effective. In conclusion, the authors emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach to improving the process of regulating the legal status of real estate, including introducing appropriate definitions, digitalizing documents, creating and implementing an appropriate regulations, and adapting solutions used in other countries. This is the only way to ensure effective and efficient management of the legal status of real estate in Poland.

The aim of this article is to answer the question whether it is justified to introduce the registration of 3D objects in the real estate cadastre in Poland, considering the scope of information registered in other countries. This aim requires the discussion of new legal and technical conditions that might be necessary to introduce the registration of 3D objects in the real estate cadastre in the light of the new proposed legal regulations in Poland. The article presents the principles of functioning of the multidimensional cadastre in various countries. The research method includes both the analysis of literature on the registration of cadastral objects and the planned legal regulations. The research focused on the analysis of the scope of information and the method of registering objects in the real estate cadastre in Poland. The article presents a proposal to amend the geodetic legal and technical regulations concerning both objective and subjective data registered in the real estate cadastre and documents that form the basis for entries in the real estate cadastre. It takes into account the draft of the Layered Development Act, implemented in 2021–2022 at the De Republica Institute. The authors propose changes to the provisions in the existing legal regulations, which would enable the collection, processing, updating and sharing of information on 3D objects and their owners and other entities with the right to dispose of a separate space above or below the ground surface. In order to register 3D objects together with the right to them in accordance with the provisions of the draft Act, the authors recommend introducing the following entity: Zabudowca in EGB_StatusPodmiotuEwid, as well as a document used to disclose the scope of the 3D object, i.e. the decision to establish the right to develop in EGB_RodzajDokumentu.

The article presents the results of research comparing edge detection methods in digital images and verifying their usefulness in the context of the automatic vectorization process. As part of the experiment, well-known edge detection algorithms based on the analysis of derivatives of image quality functions (Sobel, Canny, Kirch) were implemented. The research problems of the article in the case of building detection basically boil down to the identification of homogeneous areas, the detection of edges or points in a digital image. The original program developed in the Matlab environment made it possible to obtain a description of the edges and their approximation with straight lines, as well as to analyze the quality of the obtained results. In addition, the validity of using neural networks was also analyzed in this context. The neural networks used an algorithm obtained from the GitHub hosting website and implemented as a plug-in for QGIS 3.26. Another attempt at algorithmic image analysis was based on the use of the GAN technique, i.e. the use of a generative network architecture that acts as an algorithm using the potential of two mutually opposed networks whose task is to generate a synthetic result. Under this assumption, one network is the so-called data generator and the other is the discriminator, critically assessing the generating network for authenticity. For each algorithm, the accuracy of vectorization of the detected edges was calculated. The most promising in this respect was an artificial intelligence algorithm using the technique of generative adversarial networks.