Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is more common in elderly people and affects motor control, flexibility, and how easily patients adapt to their walking environments. PD is progressive in nature, and if undetected and untreated, the symptoms grow worse over time. Fortunately, PD can be detected early using gait features since the loss of motor control results in gait impairment. In general, techniques for capturing gait can be categorized as computer-vision-based or sensor-based. Sensor-based techniques are mostly used in clinical gait analysis and are regarded as the gold standard for PD detection. The main limitation of using sensor-based gait capture is the associated high cost and the technical expertise required for setup. In addition, the subjects’ consciousness of worn sensors and being actively monitored may further impact their motor function. Recent advances in computer vision have enabled the tracking of body parts in videos in a markerless motion capture scenario via human pose estimation (HPE). Although markerless motion capture has been studied in comparison with gold-standard motion-capture techniques, it is yet to be evaluated in the prediction of neurological conditions such as PD. Hence, in this study, we extract PD-discriminative gait features from raw videos of subjects and demonstrate the potential of markerless motion capture for PD prediction. First, we perform HPE on the subjects using AlphaPose. Then, we extract and analyse eight features, from which five features are systematically selected, achieving up to 93% accuracy, 96% precision, and 92% recall in arbitrary views.

Indoor tag localization technology is one area of research applied to positioning, tracking, and navigation. UWB is a signal that is widely used for indoor tag localization with the consideration of having higher accuracy, wide bandwidth, and low power consumption. The diversity and breadth of research in the field of indoor tag localization can be confusing for new researchers to find out how this research has progressed until this day. The use of other sensors besides UWB in indoor tag localization is an alternative solution offered, thus obscuring the trend of UWB research on indoor tag localization. The way to find out whether indoor tag localization research using UWB still has a good trend and has research opportunities is to read paper reviews from previous researchers. However, until now no one has reviewed the previous paper review using the SMS and SLR methods. The SMS method is quantitative which directs the paper collection to the intended research area so it can be mapped properly. SMS is the process of identifying, categorizing, and analyzing existing literature that is relevant to a certain research topic. Meanwhile, the SLR method is qualitative which makes paper discussions sharper and more focused. SLR is the process of collecting and critically analyzing multiple research studies or papers through a systematic process. It aims to synthesize the findings of the studies and conclude the state of the art on the topic. This paper describes the literacy results of the paper using the SMS and SLR methods to thoroughly discuss research developments on UWB indoor tag localization. The discussion includes research developments and topic areas of indoor tag localization from 2017-2022, trends in the use of UWB in indoor tag localization research, issues and metrics that are carried out in indoor tag localization research, and opportunities for future research. Literacy results show that machine learning, filtering, and sensor fusion are topic areas that are currently being researched on UWB indoor tag localization. In general, every research optimizes performance metrics, namely accuracy, scalability, energy efficiency, latency, cost, and complexity. Each optimized metric related to different issues will be represented in the form of a taxonomy for easy understanding and explained in detail in this paper. Several future promising research opportunities are described in this paper to provide insight to other researchers to dig deeper into this research field.

Sensor-based human activity recognition (HAR) is a method for observing a person’s activity in an environment. With this method, it is possible to monitor remotely. HAR can analyze a person’s gait, whether normal or abnormal. Some of its applications may use several sensors mounted on the body, but this method tends to be complex and inconvenient. One alternative to wearable sensors is using video. One of the most commonly used HAR platforms is PoseNET. PoseNET is a sophisticated platform that can detect the skeleton and joints of the body, which are then known as joints. However, a method is still needed to process the raw data from PoseNET to detect subject activity. Therefore, this research proposes a way to detect abnormalities in gait using empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum and transforming keys-joints, and skeletons from vision-based pose detection into the angular displacement of walking gait patterns (signals). Joint change information is extracted using the Hilbert Huang Transform to study how the subject behaves in the turning position. Furthermore, it is determined whether the transition goes from normal to abnormal subjects by calculating the energy in the time-frequency domain signal. The test results show that during the transition period, the energy of the gait signal tends to be higher than during the walking period.

Traditional methods of analyzing badminton matches, such as video movement analysis, are time-consuming, prone to errors, and rely heavily on manual annotation. This creates challenges in accurately and efficiently classifying badminton actions and player poses. This paper aims to develop an accurate time series classification method for badminton poses using landmark tracking. The proposed method integrates Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks with landmark tracking to classify badminton poses in a time series, addressing the limitations of traditional video analysis techniques. The dataset consists of 30 respondents performing three distinct activities—lob, smash, and serve—under two conditions: good and bad execution. The approach combines LSTM networks with landmark tracking data, utilizing intra-class variation from a multi-view dataset to enhance pose classification accuracy. The LSTM model achieved high accuracy in classifying badminton poses, successfully detecting serves, lobs, and smashes in real-time with over 90% accuracy. Additionally, the system improved match analysis, achieving 85% accuracy in detection and classification, demonstrating the effectiveness of combining landmark tracking with machine learning for sports analysis. This study underscores the importance of pose estimation in badminton analysis, particularly through landmark tracking, which significantly improves the accuracy of classifying player poses and contributes to the advancement of automated sports analysis.

The purpose of this paper is to propose a cascade complementary filter (CCF) for tracking abdominal or diaphragmatic movement induced by respiratory activity. An inertial sensor (3 DOF accelerometer and 3 DOF gyroscope) is mounted on the upper abdomen, allowing the tilt value of the upper abdomen to be measured. CCF is aimed at overcoming the limitations of the linear CF method for online gyroscope estimation. Our proposed CCF algorithm compensates gyroscope bias with a nonlinear filter and then fuses it with accelerometer angle to obtain abdominal inclination. The CCF method performed better than the linear CF method in terms of respiratory rate error. While CCF increased estimation accuracy, it also appeared to be independent of attitude estimation parameters. The frequency of the CCF respiratory signal remained steady between 0.2 Hz and 0.4 Hz throughout the experiment, with a mean of 0.29 Hz. In other words, the results range between 12 and 24 breaths per minute, which is considered normal at 17 breaths per minute.