Cellulose-based sorbents are promising materials for wastewater treatment due to their environmental friendliness, biodegradability, and high sorption capacity. This paper presents an overview of cellulose modification methods, including carboxylation, amination, oxidation, graphene, and plasma treatments, as well as combined approaches. Their effect on key physicochemical properties, such as porosity, morphology, and chemical stability, is considered. Examples from the literature confirm the effectiveness of modified cellulose sorbents in removing heavy metal ions and organic pollutants from wastewater. The analysis shows that combined methods allow for creating materials with improved characteristics that are resistant to extreme operating conditions. The main advantages and disadvantages of cellulose sorbents, as well as challenges associated with their scalability and cost-effectiveness, are discussed. The paper emphasizes the importance of further research to advance these materials as a key element of sustainable water treatment technologies.

This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of a cationic ion-exchange sorbent derived from vermiculite and epoxy acrylate copolymers, designed to address freshwater scarcity by removing toxic metal ions from aqueous environments. The sorbent was engineered to preserve the chemical integrity of freshwater while adhering to environmental safety standards. Vermiculite served as the base material, modified with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), acrylonitrile (ACN), and orthophosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) in a mass ratio of 1:0.35:0.15:3. Optimization experiments explored varying H₃PO₄ proportions (two- and threefold increases) to refine the synthesis conditions. The materials underwent microwave irradiation at 300 W for 10 min. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of functional groups (P=O, P−O−C), enhancing sorption capacity, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a porous structure crucial for adsorption. Sorption properties, assessed via atomic emission spectroscopy, demonstrated capacities of 39.80 mg/g for MoO₄²⁻ and 39.06 mg/g for ReO₄⁻, with extraction efficiencies of 79% and 78%, respectively. Chemical stability tests indicated the sorbent retained up to 90% of its functionality in aggressive environments, highlighting its robustness. The developed sorbent offers a high-performance, cost-effective solution for heavy metal removal from wastewater, advancing sustainable water purification technologies.

Экстенсивный путь развития промышленности и темпы роста численности народонаселения определяет увеличение количества потребляемой питьевой воды и требования к водоподготовке. Известные и применяемые технологии промышленного получения коагулянта оксихлорида алюминия, используемого в реагентной очистке воды, основаны на высокотемпературных процессах, требующих сложного аппаратного оформления. В работе представлены результаты исследований по получению основных хлоридов алюминия микроволновым способом. Эксперименты проведены на сконструированной лабораторной установке на основе микроволновой печи, получены данные по выходу полиоксихлорида алюминия в зависимости от изменения параметров процесса, продолжительности опытов, отношении Ж:Т и концентрации раствора соляной кислоты. Исследования применения микроволновых технологий в неорганическом синтезе показали эффективность подобных технологий, снижение времени реакции, увеличение КПД установки, отсутствия контакта нагревательных элементов с реакционной смесью. Установлено влияние серной кислоты, как вещества активатора процесса, положительно влияющего на выход полиоксихлоридов алюминия. Представлены результаты физико-химических исследований синтезированных образцов и их коагуляционных свойств, что указывает на возможность использование микроволновых технологий в неорганическом синтезе коагулянтов полиоксихлорида алюминия.

Epoxy- and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)-based polymers offer versatile platforms for ion exchange, contaminant removal, and resource recovery. However, their reported adsorption capacities do not always reflect the number of functional groups that remain accessible and effective under practical treatment conditions. This review critically evaluates the relationships among polymer architecture, functionalization chemistry, binding mechanisms, mass transfer, and operational performance. Particular attention is given to the distinction between theoretical, total, accessible, and operational capacities. The literature indicates that increasing functional-group density does not necessarily improve adsorption performance because crosslinking, limited swelling, pore accessibility, and steric hindrance can restrict ion transport and site utilization. Mechanistic interpretations also remain uncertain in many studies, as ion exchange, coordination, and chemisorption are frequently inferred from equilibrium or kinetic model fitting without sufficient counter-ion balance or direct spectroscopic evidence. Furthermore, adsorption performance is predominantly evaluated in single-solute laboratory systems, while systematic comparisons under competitive-ion conditions, authentic water matrices, and continuous-flow operation remain limited. Regeneration studies often demonstrate short-term capacity retention but provide insufficient information on ligand leaching, chemical consumption, recovered-product purity, and long-term durability. Direct benchmarking against commercial ion-exchange resins is also uncommon. This review therefore identifies accessible binding-site density, experimentally verified mechanisms, dynamic separation performance, and regeneration stability as essential criteria for evaluating epoxy-based ion-exchange materials. Future research should prioritize standardized testing, realistic feedwaters, extended regeneration cycles, and process-level comparisons to establish their practical feasibility and sustainability.