Modern communication and information technologies are rapidly being deployed at health care institutions around the world. Although these technologies offer many benefits, ensuring data protection is a major concern, and implementation of robust data protection measures is essential. In this context, health care providers and medical care facilities must frequently make difficult decisions and compromises between the need to provide effective medical care and the need to ensure data security and patient privacy. In the present paper, we describe and discuss key issues related to data protection systems in the setting of cancer care hospitals in Europe. We provide real-life examples from two European countries—Poland and the Czech Republic—to illustrate data protection issues and the steps being taking to address these questions. More specifically, we discuss the legal framework surrounding data protection and technical aspects related to patient authentication and communication.

Secure communication between patients and health care facilities is especially important In 2016, the European Union (EU) introduced a new regulation—the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), applicable in all EU member states—aimed at improving protection of personal data. The GDPR provides broad guidelines on data protection, but generally lacks specific details. Consequently, although member states must comply with the GDPR, there is some flexibility to develop new regulations to suit national characteristics and practices, especially in key economic sectors, such as health care. The aim of the present article is to discuss the benefits and limitations of legal provisions governing the patient identification (both in-person and remotely). This analysis is based on Polish laws that were recently passed to comply with the GDPR. In some cases, these data protection regulations may be unnecessarily strict, making routine care more difficult than intended by the GDPR. National legislation in Poland imposes strict data protection measures, such as prohibiting the public display of patient names or calling out the patient’s name in public. However, after health care personnel around the country criticised many of these measures, the law will be modified to address those concerns. For example, the patient’s name can be displayed on a wrist band and on containers with the patient’s medicines. Nonetheless, numerous questions still need to be resolved to adapt the general data protection rules to ensure the effective operation of the hospital to avoid problems related to accurate patient identification. Secure communication between patients and health care facilities is especially important In 2016, the European Union (EU) introduced a new regulation—the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), applicable in all EU member states—aimed at improving protection of personal data. The GDPR provides broad guidelines on data protection, but generally lacks specific details. Consequently, although member states must comply with the GDPR, there is some flexibility to develop new regulations to suit national characteristics and practices, especially in key economic sectors, such as health care. The aim of the present article is to discuss the benefits and limitations of legal provisions governing the patient identification (both in-person and remotely). This analysis is based on Polish laws that were recently passed to comply with the GDPR. In some cases, these data protection regulations may be unnecessarily strict, making routine care more difficult than intended by the GDPR. National legislation in Poland imposes strict data protection measures, such as prohibiting the public display of patient names or calling out the patient’s name in public. However, after health care personnel around the country criticised many of these measures, the law will be modified to address those concerns. For example, the patient’s name can be displayed on a wrist band and on containers with the patient’s medicines. Nonetheless, numerous questions still need to be resolved to adapt the general data protection rules to ensure the effective operation of the hospital to avoid problems related to accurate patient identification.

Background. This paper evaluates the status of reporting information related to the usage and ethical issues of artificial intelligence (AI) procedures in clinical trial (CT) papers focussed on radiology issues as well as other (non-trial) original radiology articles (OA). Material and Methods. The evaluation was performed by three independent observers who were, respectively physicist, physician and computer scientist. The analysis was performed for two groups of publications, i.e., for CT and OA. Each group included 30 papers published from 2018 to 2020, published before guidelines proposed by Liu et al. (Nat Med. 2020; 26:1364-1374). The set of items used to catalogue and to verify the ethical status of the AI reporting was developed using the above-mentioned guidelines. Results. Most of the reviewed studies, clearly stated their use of AI methods and more importantly, almost all tried to address relevant clinical questions. Although in most of the studies, patient inclusion and exclusion criteria were presented, the widespread lack of rigorous descriptions of the study design apart from a detailed explanation of the AI approach itself is noticeable. Few of the chosen studies provided information about anonymization of data and the process of secure data sharing. Only a few studies explore the patterns of incorrect predictions by the proposed AI tools and their possible reasons. Conclusion. Results of review support idea of implementation of uniform guidelines for designing and reporting studies with use of AI tools. Such guidelines help to design robust, transparent and reproducible tools for use in real life.

Aim of the study : To analyse practical aspects of implementing the Personal Data Security Management System (PDSMS) in an oncology centre based on applicable legal requirements and professional standards. Material and methods : The research method is based on the analysis of legal...

Purpose: This study compares breast carcinoma (BC) clinical tumour staging by contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM), full-field digital mammography (FFDM), and ultrasound (US). Clinical staging is essential for multidisciplinary teams to develop optimal treatment plans and for cancer registries to generate accurate analyses of cancer epide­miology.Material and methods: Data on tumour size and the presence of multiplicity were extracted from radiology reports. Primary tumour staging (cT category) was established for each imaging modality. Enrolled cases (n = 78, adult females) had FFDM and US performed up to a month prior to CEM. Fisher’s exact test was used to examine the relationship between cT stage determination and diagnostic methods.Results: Tumour size was largest in CEM (median 47 mm), followed by FFDM (median 33 mm), and smallest in US (median 23 mm). There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of cT categories between the 3 imaging modalities, with cT2 and cT1 being most common in US (46% and 41%, respectively) and FFDM (53% and 19%, respectively). Staging by CEM followed a different pattern, with cT2 and cT3 being most common (both 38%). The multiplicity rate was equal for CEM and US (42%), with fewer cases in FFDM (13%).Conclusions: The tumour size measured by CEM is greater compared to measurements obtained through US and FFDM. Given the strong correlation between CEM and histopathology reported in the literature, CEM enhances the accuracy of local tumour staging in BC, thereby minimising the risk of understaging.

Body composition parameters are critical in determining overall health in breast cancer (BC) patients. Phase angle (PhA), measured via non-invasive Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA), is emerging as a superior biomarker compared to body mass index (BMI). This study examined the relationship between PhA and body composition across different BC stages. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was performed in 833 BC patients who were stratified into early-, intermediate-, and advanced-stage groups based on TNM (tumour, node, metastasis) classification and treatment approach. Body composition parameters, including water compartments, muscle mass, and metabolic age, were analysed and compared between groups. Phase angle differed significantly across cancer stages (p = 0.0065) and was correlated with age independently of stage (p = 0.0033). Differences in extracellular water (ECW; p = 0.0392), intracellular water (ICW; p = 0.0014), total body water (TBW; p = 0.0069), and muscle mass (p = 0.0085) were observed between stages. Phase angle was significantly associated with ICW across all stages, with additional correlations found between PhA and predicted muscle mass (PMM), as well as TBW, in early- and intermediate-stage patients. Metabolic age varied by cancer stage (p = 0.0052) and influenced PhA independently of stage (p = 0.1906), with higher PhA observed in patients metabolically older than their chronological age. Phase angle is closely linked to key body composition parameters, particularly water and muscle content, with some associations varying by cancer stage. This is the first study to report a stage-independent relationship between PhA and metabolic age in BC patients, warranting further investigation into its clinical relevance.