A subject of great interest is the bioprospecting of microorganisms and their bioactive byproducts, such as pigments. Microbial pigments have various benefits, including being safe to use due to their natural makeup, having therapeutic effects, and being produced all year round, regardless of the weather or location.Pseudomonas aeruginosaproduces phenazine pigments that are crucial for interactions betweenPseudomonasspecies and other living things. Pyocyanin pigment, which is synthesized by 90–95% ofP. aeruginosa, has potent antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Herein, we will concentrate on the production and extraction of pyocyanin pigment and its biological use in different areas of biotechnology, engineering, and biology.

The direct link between inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer is well documented. Previous studies have reported that some lactic acid bacterial strains could inhibit colon cancer progression however; the exact molecules involved have not yet been identified. So, in the current study, we illustrated the tumor suppressive effects of the newly identified Lactobacillus acidophilus DSMZ 20079 cell-free pentasaccharide against colon cancer cells. The chemical structure of the purified pentasaccharide was investigated by MALDI-TOF mass spectrum, 1D and 2D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The anticancer potentiality of the purified pentasaccharide against both Human colon cancer (CaCo-2) and Human breast cancer (MCF7) cell lines with its safety usage pattern were evaluated using cytotoxicity, annexin V quantification and BrdU incorporation assays. Also, the immunomodulatory effects of the identified compound were quantified on both LPS-induced PBMC cell model and cancer cells with monitoring the immunophenotyping of T and dendritic cell surface marker. At molecular level, the alteration in gene expression of both inflammatory and apoptotic pathways were quantified upon pentasaccharide-cellular treatment by RTqPCR. The obtained data of the spectroscopic analysis, confirmed the structure of the newly extracted pentasaccharide; (LA-EPS-20079) to be: α-d-Glc (1→2)][α-l-Fuc(1→4)] α-d-GlcA(1→2) α-d-GlcA(1→2) α-d-GlcA. This pentasaccharide, recorded safe dose on normal mammalian cells ranged from 2 to 5 mg/ml with cancer cells selectivity index, ranged of 1.96–51.3. Upon CaCo-2 cell treatment with the non-toxic dose of LA-EPS-20079, the inhibition percentage in CaCo-2 cellular viability, reached 80.65 with an increase in the ratio of the apoptotic cells in sub-G0/G1 cell cycle phase. Also, this pentasaccharide showed potentialities to up-regulate the expression of IKbα, P53 and TGF genes. The anticancer potentialities of LA-EPS-20079 oligosaccharides against human colon cancer represented through its regulatory effects on both apoptotic and NF-κB inflammatory pathways.

Bacterial biofilms pose significant challenges, from healthcare-associated infections to biofouling in industrial systems, resulting in significant health impacts and financial losses globally. Classic antimicrobial methods often fail to eradicate sessile microbial communities within biofilms, requiring innovative approaches. This review explores the structure, formation, and role of biofilms, highlighting the critical importance of exopolysaccharides in biofilm stability and resistance mechanisms. We emphasize the potential of microbial enzymatic approaches, particularly focusing on glycosidases, proteases, and deoxyribonucleases, which can disrupt biofilm matrices effectively. We also delve into the importance of enzymes such as cellobiose dehydrogenase, which disrupts biofilms by degrading polysaccharides. This enzyme is mainly sourced from Aspergillus niger and Sclerotium rolfsii, with optimized production strategies enhancing its efficacy. Additionally, we explore levan hydrolase, alginate lyase, α-amylase, protease, and lysostaphin as potent antibiofilm agents, discussing their microbial origins and production optimization strategies. These enzymes offer promising avenues for combating biofilm-related challenges in healthcare, environmental, and industrial settings. Ultimately, enzymatic strategies present environmentally friendly solutions with high potential for biofilm management and infection control.

Lipases are biocatalysts of significant industrial and medical relevance, owing to their ability to hydrolyze lipid substrates and catalyze esterification reactions under mild conditions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of microbial lipases’ production, purification, and biochemical properties. It explores optimized fermentation strategies to enhance enzyme yield, including using agro-industrial residues as substrates. The challenges associated with purification techniques such as ultrafiltration, chromatography, and precipitation are discussed, alongside methods to improve enzyme stability and specificity. Additionally, the review addresses the growing importance of genetic engineering approaches for improving lipase characteristics, such as activity, stability, and specificity. Additionally, this review highlights the diverse applications of microbial lipases in industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, biofuels, and cosmetics. The enzyme’s role in bioremediation, biodegradation, and the synthesis of bioactive compounds is analyzed, emphasizing its potential in sustainable and eco-friendly technologies. The biocatalytic properties of lipases make them ideal candidates for the green chemistry initiatives in these industries. In the biomedical domain, lipase has shown promise in drug delivery systems, anti-obesity treatments, and diagnostics. This review provides insights into the strategic development of microbes as microbial cell factories for the sustainable production of lipases, paving the way for future research and industrial innovations in enzyme technology.

Background and aim: The purpose of the current study is to isolate a heavily amylase-producing bacteria of the genusBacillusfrom soil samples, optimize the production of the enzyme, purify it, and evaluate its activity against biofilm-producing bacteria. A total of 12 soil samples were collected and screened for promisingBacillusspecies with good amylolytic activity. Isolation was done by serial dilution and plating technique and amylolytic activity was determined by starch agar plate method. Among the 12Bacillusisolates recovered from soil samples, 7 showed positive α-amylase production. The best isolate that recorded the greatest amylolytic activity was selected for further studies. This isolate was identified by 16S rRNA sequencing asBacillus cereusand registered under gene bank accession number OP811897. Furthermore, the α-amylase enzyme was produced by a submerged fermentation technique using best production media and partially purified by ammonium sulfate and chilled ethanol and molecular weight had been determined by SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. The production of α-amylase was optimized experimentally by one-factor at a time protocol and statistically by Plackett–Burman design as well as RSM CCD design. Data obtained from OFAT and CCD revealed that α-amylase activities were 1.5- and twofold respectively higher as compared to un-optimized conditions. The most significant factors had been identified and optimized by CCD design.Results: Among the eleven independent variables tested by PBD, glucose, peptone, (NH4)₂SO4, and Mg SO₄were the most significant parameters for α-amylase production with an actual yield of 250U/ml. The best physical parameters affecting the enzyme production were incubation time at 35 °C, and pH 5.5 for 48 h. The partially purified enzyme with 60% ammonium sulphate saturation with 1.38- fold purification showed good stability characteristics at a storage temperature of 4 °C and pH up to 8.5 for 21 days. Antibiofilm activity of purified α-amylase was determined againstPseudomonas aeruginosa(ATCC 35659) by spectrophotometric analysis and CLSM microscopic analysis. Results demonstrated biofilm inhibition by 84% of the formedPseudomonasbiofilm using a microtiter plate assay and thickness inhibition activity by 83% with live/Dead cells percentage of 17%/83% using CLSM protocol.Conclusions: A highly stable purified α-amylase fromB. cereusshowed promising antibiofilm activity against one of the clinically important biofilm-forming MDR organisms that could be used as a cost-effective tool in pharmaceutical industries.

This study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial-biofilm activity of chitosan (Ch-NPs), silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), ozonated olive oil (O₃-oil) either separately or combined together against endodontic pathogens. While testing the antimicrobial activity, Ch-NPs showed the least minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values exerting eightfold higher bactericidal activity than O₃-oil against both Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans as well as fourfold higher fungicidal activity against Candida albicans. Antimicrobial synergy test revealed synergism between O₃-oil and Ch-NPs against the test pathogens (FIC index ≤ 0.5). Ch-NPs was superior at inhibiting immature single and mixed-species biofilm formations by 97 and 94%, respectively. Both of O₃-oil and Ch-NPs had a complete anti-fibroblast adherent effect. The safety pattern results showed that O₃-oil was the safest compound, followed by Ch-NPs. The double combination of Ch-NPs and O₃-oil reduced the mature viable biofilm on premolars ex vivo model by 6-log reductions, with a fast kill rate, indicating potential use in treating root canals. Therefore, the double combination has the potential to eradicate mature mixed-species biofilms and hence it is potent, novel and safe.